Related provisions for BIPRU 13.5.5
21 - 40 of 270 items.
For the purpose of PRA Rulebook: Non-Solvency II firms: Insurance Company – Capital Resources 136 (Admissible assets in insurance), and also in relation to permitted links,1 a derivative or quasi-derivative is approved if:(1) it is held for the purpose of efficient portfolio management (INSPRU 3.2.6 R to INSPRU 3.2.7 R) or reduction of investment risk (INSPRU 3.2.8 R to INSPRU 3.2.13 G);(2) it is covered (INSPRU 3.2.14 R to INSPRU 3.2.33 G); and(3) it is effected or issued:(a)
INSPRU 3.2.8 R does not require that a derivative or quasi-derivative has no possible adverse consequences. Often a derivative or quasi-derivative is effected to protect against a severe adverse consequence that only arises in one circumstance. In all other circumstances it may itself lead to adverse consequences, even if only because it expires worthless resulting in the loss of the purchase price. Conversely a derivative or quasi-derivative may reduce risk in a wide range of
For the purposes of INSPRU 3.2.8 R, investment risk is the risk that the assets held by a firm:(1) (where they are admissible assets held by the firm to cover its technical provisions) might not be:(a) of a value at least equal to the amount of those technical provisions as required by PRA Rulebook: Non-Solvency II firms: Insurance Company – Technical Provisions, 46; or(b) of appropriate safety, yield and marketability as required by PRA Rulebook: Non-Solvency II firms: Insurance
In assessing whether investment risk is reduced, the impact of a transaction on both the assets and liabilities should be considered. In particular, where the amount of liabilities depends upon the fluctuations in an index or other factor, investment risk is reduced where assets whose value fluctuates in the same way match those liabilities. In appropriate circumstances this may include:(1) a derivative or quasi-derivative that is linked to the same index as the liabilities from
The third purpose of cover is that it protects against the risk that the firm may not be able to deliver assets (including money in any currency) of the right type when the obligation falls due under the transaction. An obligation to deliver assets is covered only if the firm holds those assets or has entered into an offsetting transaction that would deliver those assets when needed. An obligation to pay money is offset only if the firm holds cash in the right currency, its equivalent
(1) 1For the purposes of the rules on permitted links, a stock lending transaction (including a repo transaction) is approved if:(a) the assets lent are permitted links;(b) the counterparty is an authorised person, an approved counterparty, a person registered as a broker-dealer with the Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States of America or a bank, or a branch of a bank, supervised, and authorised to deal in investments as principal, with respect to OTC derivatives
(1) Where significant credit risk associated with securitised exposures has been transferred from the originator in accordance with the terms of BIPRU 9.4 or BIPRU 9.5, that originator may:(a) in the case of a traditional securitisation, exclude from its calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts and, as relevant, expected loss amounts, the exposures which it has securitised; and(b) in the case of a synthetic securitisation, calculate risk weighted exposure amounts and, as
1Significant credit risk will be considered to have been transferred for originators in the following cases:(1) the risk weighted exposure amounts of the mezzanine securitisation positions held by the originator in the securitisation do not exceed 50% of the risk weighted exposure amounts of all mezzanine securitisation positions existing in this securitisation;(2) where there are no mezzanine securitisation positions in a given securitisation and the originator can demonstrate
1An originator must notify the appropriate regulator that it is relying on the deemed transfer of significant credit risk under BIPRU 9.3.7R within a reasonable period before or after a relevant transfer, not being later than one month after the date of the transfer. The notification must include the following information: (1) the risk weighted exposure amount of the securitised exposures and retained securitisation positions; (2) the exposure value of the securitised exposures
1An originator's application for a waiver of the requirements in BIPRU 9.3.7R and BIPRU 9.3.8R must demonstrate that the following conditions are satisfied:(1) it has policies and methodologies in place which ensure that the possible reduction of capital requirements which the originator achieves by the securitisation is justified by a commensurate transfer of credit risk to third parties; and(2) that such transfer of credit risk to third parties is also recognised for the purposes
1When considering an application for a waiver of the requirements in BIPRU 9.3.7R and BIPRU 9.3.8R, the appropriate regulator may undertake a visit to the firm in order to examine the firm's risk management and governance arrangements. Before such a visit, the appropriate regulator may request information from the firm additional or supplementary to that provided in the waiver application.
1Subject to BIPRU 9.3.22G, BIPRU 9.15.9R and BIPRU 9.15.10R, where the originator or sponsor of a securitisation fails to meet any of the requirements in BIPRU 9.3.18R to BIPRU 9.3.20R (disclosure requirements) in any material respect by reason of its negligence or omission, the appropriate regulator will use its powers under section 55J (Variation etc on the Authority's own initiative) of the Act to impose an additional risk weight of no less than 250% (capped at 1250%) of the
1When calculating the additional risk weight it will impose, the appropriate regulator will take into account the exemption of certain securitisations from the scope of BIPRU 9.15.3R under BIPRU 9.15.9R and BIPRU 9.15.10R and, if those exemptions are relevant, reduce the risk weight it would otherwise impose.[Note:BCD, Article 122a, paragraph 5]
A firm using the methods set out in BIPRU 4.5.8 R (Slotting) for assigning risk weights for specialised lending exposures is exempt from the requirement to have an obligor rating scale which reflects exclusively quantification of the risk of obligor default for these exposures. Notwithstanding BIPRU 4.4.7 R (Seven grades for exposures to sovereigns, institutions and corporates), a firm must have for these exposures four grades for non-defaulted obligors and one grade for defaulted
(1) A firm using the methods set out in BIPRU 4.5.8 R (Slotting) for assigning risk weights for specialised lending exposures must assign each of these exposures to a grade in accordance with BIPRU 4 Annex 1 R, taking into account the following factors:(a) financial strength;(b) political and legal environment;(c) transaction and/or asset characteristics;(d) strength of the sponsor and developer including any public private partnership income stream; and(e) security package.(2)
A firm may generally assign preferential risk weights of 50% to exposures in category 1, and a 70% risk weight to exposures in category 2 if:(1) its IRB permission allows this; and(2) the firm's underwriting characteristics and other risk characteristics are substantially strong for the relevant category.[Note:BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 6 (part)]
Table: Expected loss values for specialised lending
This table belongs to BIPRU 4.5.12 R
Remaining maturity |
Category 1 (Strong) |
Category 2 (Good) |
Category 3 (Satisfactory) |
Category 4 (Weak) |
Category 5 |
Less than 2.5 years |
0% |
0.4% |
2.8% |
8% |
50% |
Equal or more than 2.5 years |
0.4% |
0.8% |
2.8% |
8% |
50% |
The coverage of each of the categories is set out in BIPRU 4.5.6 R |
|||||
[Note:BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 31 (part)]
Where a firm'sIRB permission authorises it generally to assign preferential risk weights as outlined in BIPRU 4.5.10 R of 50% to exposures in category 1, and 70% to exposures in category 2, the EL value for exposures in category 1 must be 0%, and for exposures in category 2 must be 0.4%.[Note:BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 31 (part)]
5In identifying its money laundering risk and in establishing the nature of these systems and controls, a firm should consider a range of factors, including:(1) its customer, product and activity profiles;(2) its distribution channels;(3) the complexity and volume of its transactions;(4) its processes and systems; and(5) its operating environment.
5A firm should ensure that the systems and controls include:(1) appropriate training for its employees in relation to money laundering;(2) appropriate provision of information to its governing body and senior management, including a report at least annually by that firm'smoney laundering reporting officer (MLRO) on the operation and effectiveness of those systems and controls;(3) appropriate documentation of its risk management policies and risk profile in relation to money laundering,
(1) Depending on the nature, scale and complexity of its business, it may be appropriate for a firm to have a separate risk assessment function responsible for assessing the risks that the firm faces and advising the governing body and senior managers on them.(2) The organisation and responsibilities of a risk assessment function should be documented. The function should be adequately resourced and staffed by an appropriate number of competent staff who are sufficiently independent
(1) 25A firm's arrangements should be such as to furnish its governing body with the information it needs to play its part in identifying, measuring, managing and controlling risks of regulatory concern. Three factors will be the relevance, reliability and timeliness of that information.(2) Risks of regulatory concern are those risks which relate to the fair treatment of the firm'scustomers, to the protection of consumers, to effective competition and to the integrity of the UK
A firm should plan its business appropriately so that it is able to identify, measure, manage and control risks of regulatory concern (see SYSC 3.2.11 G (2)). In some firms, depending on the nature, scale and complexity of their business, it may be appropriate to have business plans or strategy plans documented and updated on a regular basis to take account of changes in the business environment.
(1) 3(a) An authorised fund manager of a UCITS scheme 6 must use a risk management process enabling it to monitor and measure at any time the risk of the scheme's positions and their contribution to the overall risk profile of the scheme.3(b) In particular, an authorised fund manager of a UCITS scheme 6 must not solely or mechanistically rely on credit ratings issued by credit rating agencies, as defined in article 3(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 1060/2009 of the European Parliament
(1) The risk management process in COLL 6.12.3 R should take account of the investment objectives and policy of the scheme as stated in the most recent prospectus.(2) The depositary of a UCITS scheme should take reasonable care to review the appropriateness of the risk management process in line with its duties under COLL 6.6.4 R (General duties of the depositary) and COLL 6.6.14 R (Duties of the depositary and authorised fund manager: investment and borrowing powers), as appropriate.
(1) An authorised fund manager of a UCITS scheme 6 must establish, implement and maintain an adequate and documented risk management policy for identifying the risks to which that scheme is or might be exposed.(2) The risk management policy must comprise such procedures as are necessary to enable the authorised fund manager 6 to assess the exposure of each UCITS it manages to market risk, liquidity risk and counterparty risk, and to all other risks, including operational risk,
(1) An authorised fund manager of a UCITS scheme 6 must assess, monitor and periodically review:(a) the adequacy and effectiveness of the risk management policy and of the arrangements, processes and techniques referred to in COLL 6.12.5 R;(b) the level of compliance by the authorised fund manager 6 with the risk management policy and with those arrangements, processes and techniques referred to in COLL 6.12.5 R; and(c) the adequacy and effectiveness of measures taken to address
(1) An authorised fund manager of a UCITS scheme 6 must adopt adequate and effective arrangements, processes and techniques in order to:(a) measure and manage at any time the risks to which that UCITS is or might be exposed; and(b) ensure compliance with limits concerning global exposure and counterparty risk, in accordance with COLL 5.2.11B R (Counterparty risk and issuer concentration) and COLL 5.3 (Derivative exposure).(2) For the purposes of (1), the authorised fund manager
A firm must have systems and procedures for detecting deteriorations in the seller's financial condition and purchased receivables quality at an early stage, and for addressing emerging problems proactively. In particular a firm must have clear and effective policies, procedures, and information systems to monitor covenant violations, and clear and effective policies and procedures for initiating legal actions and dealing with problem purchased receivables.[Note: BCD Annex VII
A firm must have clear and effective policies and procedures governing the control of purchased receivables, credit, and cash. In particular, written internal policies must specify all material elements of the receivables purchase programme, including the advancing rates, eligible collateral, necessary documentation, concentration limits, and the way cash receipts are to be handled. These elements must take appropriate account of all relevant and material factors, including the
The risk weights for dilution risk for purchased receivables (both corporate exposures and retail exposures) must be calculated according to this rule. The risk weights must be calculated according to the formula in BIPRU 4.4.58 R. However, for the purposes of that formula, the total annual sales referred to in BIPRU 4.4.59 R are the weighted average by individual exposures of the pool. The input parameters PD and LGD and the exposure value must be determined under the applicable
In the case of retail exposures, for dilution risk of purchased receivables PD must be set equal to EL estimates for dilution risk. If a firm can decompose its EL estimates for dilution risk of purchased receivables into PDs and LGDs in a reliable manner, the PD estimate may be used.[Note: BCD Annex VII Part 2 point 19]
The following LGD values apply for purchased corporate exposure receivables:(1) for senior purchased corporate exposure receivables exposures where a firm cannot demonstrate that its PD estimates meet the minimum IRB standards, the value is 45%;(2) for subordinated purchased corporate exposure receivables exposures where a firm cannot demonstrate that its PD estimates meet the minimum IRB standards, the value is 100%; and(3) for dilution risk of purchased corporate exposure receivables,
Notwithstanding BIPRU 4.4.34 R and BIPRU 4.8.25 R, for dilution risk and default risk if a firm is under its IRB permission using the advanced IRB approach for LGD estimates for corporate exposures and it can decompose its EL estimates for purchased corporate exposure receivables into PDs and LGDs in a reliable manner, the LGD estimate for purchased corporate exposure receivables may be used.[Note: BCD Annex VII Part 2 point 9]
(1) The appropriate position risk adjustment for a position is that listed in the table in BIPRU 7.6.8R against the relevant underlying position.(2) If the firm uses the commodity extended maturity ladder approach or the commodity maturity ladder approach for a particular commodity under BIPRU 7.4 (Commodity PRR) the appropriate position risk adjustment for an option on that commodity is the outright rate applicable to the underlying position (see BIPRU 7.4.26R (Calculating the
Table: Appropriate position risk adjustment
This table belongs to BIPRU 7.6.7R
Underlying position |
|
The position risk adjustment applicable to the underlying equity or equity index in the table in BIPRU 7.3.30R (Simplified equity method) |
|
Interest rate |
The sum of the specific risk position risk adjustment (see BIPRU 7.2.43R to BIPRU 7.2.51G (Specific risk calculation)) and the general market risk position risk adjustment (as set out in BIPRU 7.2.57R (General market riskposition risk adjustments)) applicable to the underlying position |
Debt securities |
The sum of the specific risk position risk adjustment (see BIPRU 7.2.43R to BIPRU 7.2.51G (Specific risk calculation)) and the general market risk position risk adjustment (as set out in the table in BIPRU 7.2.57R (General market riskposition risk adjustments)) applicable to the underlying position |
18% (unless BIPRU 7.6.7R requires otherwise) |
|
Currency |
8% |
Gold |
8% |
32% (subject to BIPRU 7.6.6R and BIPRU 7.6.7R) |
Table: Derived positions
This table belongs to BIPRU 7.6.9R
Underlying |
Option (or warrant) |
Derived position |
Option (warrant) on a single equity or option on a future/forward on a single equity |
A notional position in the actual equity underlying the contract valued at the current market price of the equity. |
|
Option (warrant) on a basket of equities or option on a future/forward on a basket of equities |
A notional position in the actual equities underlying the contract valued at the current market price of the equities. |
|
Option (warrant) on an equity index or option on a future/forward on an equity index |
A notional position in the index underlying the contract valued at the current market price of the index. |
|
Interest rate |
A zero coupon zero-specific-risk security in the currency concerned with a maturity equal to the sum of the time to expiry of the contract and the length of the period on which the settlement amount of the contract is calculated valued at the notional amount of the contract. |
|
A zero coupon zero-specific-risk security in the currency concerned with a maturity equal to the length of the swap valued at the notional principal amount. |
||
Interest rate cap or floor |
A zero coupon zero-specific-risk security in the currency concerned with a maturity equal to the remaining period of the cap or floor valued at the notional amount of the contract. |
|
Debt securities |
Option (warrant) on a debt security or option on a future/forward on a debt security |
The underlying debt security with a maturity equal to the time to expiry of the option valued as the nominal amount underlying the contract at the current market price of the debt security. |
Option (warrant) on a basket of debt securities or option on a future/forward on a basket of debt securities |
A notional position in the actual debt securities underlying the contract valued at the current market price of the debt securities. |
|
Option (warrant) on an index of debt securities or option on a future/forward on an index of debt securities |
A notional position in the index underlying the contract valued at the current market price of the index. |
|
Option on a commodity or option on a future/forward on a commodity |
An amount equal to the tonnage, barrels or kilos underlying the option with (in the case of a future/forward on a commodity) a maturity equal to the expiry date of the forward or Futures contract underlying the option. In the case of an option on a commodity the maturity of the position falls into Band 1 in the table in BIPRU 7.4.28R (Table: Maturity bands for the maturity ladder approach). |
|
An amount equal to the tonnage, barrels or kilos underlying the option with a maturity equal to the length of the swap valued at the notional principal amount. |
||
(These provisions about CIUs are subject to BIPRU 7.6.35R) |
Option (warrant) on a single CIU or option on a future/forward on a single CIU |
A notional position in the actual CIU underlying the contract valued at the current market price of the CIU. |
Option (warrant) on a basket of CIUs or option on a future/forward on a basket of CIUs |
A notional position in the actual CIUs underlying the contract valued at the current market price of the CIUs. |
|
Gold |
An amount equal to the troy ounces underlying the option with (in the case of a future/forward on gold) a maturity equal to the expiry date of the forward or futures contract underlying the option. |
|
Currency |
Currency option |
The amount of the underlying currency that the firm will receive if the option is exercised converted at the spot rate into the currency that the firm will sell if the option is exercised. |
Under the option standard method, the PRR for a written option or warrant is the market value of the derived position (see BIPRU 7.6.9R) multiplied by the appropriate position risk adjustment (see BIPRU 7.6.8R). This result may be reduced by the amount the option or warrant is out of the money (subject to a maximum reduction to zero).
Table: The hedging method of calculating the PRR (equities, debt securities and gold)
This table belongs to BIPRU 7.6.24R(1) - (3)
PRR |
||||
In the money by more than the position risk adjustment |
In the money by less than the position risk adjustment |
|||
Long in security or gold |
Long put |
Zero |
Wp |
X |
Short call |
Y |
Y |
Z |
|
Short in security or gold |
Long call |
Zero |
Wc |
X |
Short put |
Y |
Y |
Z |
|
Where: |
||||
Wp means |
{(position risk adjustment-100%) x The underlying position valued at strike price} |
+ |
The market value of the underlying position |
|
Wc means |
{(100% +position risk adjustment x The underlying position valued at strike price} |
- |
The market value of the underlying position |
|
X means |
The market value of the underlying position multiplied by the appropriate position risk adjustment |
|||
Y means |
The market value of the underlying position multiplied by the appropriate position risk adjustment. This result may be reduced by the market value of the option or warrant, subject to a maximum reduction to zero. |
|||
Z means |
The option hedging method is not permitted; the option standard method must be used. |
|||
The option PRR for a written cliquet option is the market value of the derived position (see BIPRU 7.6.9R) multiplied by the appropriate position risk adjustment (see BIPRU 7.6.8R) multiplied by F+1 (see the following provisions of this paragraph). This result may be reduced by the amount the option is out of the money (subject to a maximum reduction to zero). The option PRR for a written cliquet option is therefore defined by the following formula:[position risk adjustment *
For the purpose of identifying the appropriate treatment for the purpose of BIPRU 7.6.5R, the underlying position for the purpose of BIPRU 7.6.8R and the derived position under BIPRU 7.6.13R a firm may choose between treating an option on a CIU as being:(1) a position in the CIU itself; or(2) (if the conditions in BIPRU 7.7 (Position risk requirements for collective investment undertakings) for the use of the method in question are satisfied) positions in the underlying investments
(1) This paragraph gives an example of how the appropriate position risk adjustment should be calculated for the purpose of deciding whether or not an option on a CIU is sufficiently in the money for the firm to have a choice whether or not to apply an option PRR. This example assumes that there is no leveraging (see BIPRU 7.7.11R (CIU modified look through method)).(2) Say that the CIU contains underlying equityposition and the firm is using one of the CIU look through methods.
A firm's systems for the management and rating of credit risk exposures must be sound and implemented with integrity and, in particular, they must meet the following standards in accordance with the minimum IRB standards:(1) the firm'srating systems provide for a meaningful assessment of obligor and transaction characteristics, a meaningful differentiation of risk and accurate and consistent quantitative estimates of risk;(2) internal ratings and default and loss estimates used
(1) This paragraph provides guidance on BIPRU 4.2.2 R and in particular BIPRU 4.2.2 R (1).(2) The information that a firm produces or uses for the purpose of the IRB approach should be reliable and take proper account of the different users of the information produced (customers, shareholders, regulators and other market participants).(3) A firm should establish quantified and documented targets and standards, against which it should test the accuracy of data used in its rating
(1) This paragraph provides guidance on BIPRU 4.2.2 R and in particular BIPRU 4.2.2 R (2).(2) The IRB approach as applicable to a firm should be an integral part of its business and risk management processes and procedures to the extent that credit risk is relevant to them. It should also have a substantial influence on its decision-making and actions.21(a) particular regard should be had to the use of the IRB approach in: (i) credit approval;(ii) individual and portfolio limit
This paragraph provides further guidance on BIPRU 4.2.2 R and in particular BIPRU 4.2.2 R (2). In the appropriate regulator's view risk management has an essential role in informing risk decisions. However, an essential role does not necessarily mean an exclusive role or even always a primary role. There may be justifiable differences between the IRB approach and the firm's use of rating systems for its internal purposes as referred to in BIPRU 4.2.2 R (2). For example, internal
A firm must be able to demonstrate that it has been using for the IRB exposure classes in question rating systems that were broadly in line with the minimum IRB standards for internal risk measurement and management purposes for at least three years prior to the date of its IRB permission.[Note:BCD Article 84(3)]
To the extent that a firm'sIRB permission permits this, implementation may be carried out sequentially across the different IRB exposure classes within the same business unit, across different business units in the same group or for the use of own estimates of LGDs or conversion factors for the calculation of risk weights for the sovereign, institution and corporate IRB exposure class.3[Note:BCD Article 85(1) (part)]
Subject to BIPRU 4.2.17 R - BIPRU 4.2.20 R, BIPRU 4.2.22 R and BIPRU 4.2.26 R, a firm that has an IRB permission must not use the standardised approach for the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts for the exposures to which the IRB approach applies under the IRB permission.[Note:BCD Article 85(4)]1
(1) To the extent that its IRB permission permits this, a firm permitted to use the IRB approach in the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts3 for one or more IRB exposure classes may apply the standardised approach in accordance with this rule.3(2) A firm may apply the standardised approach to the IRB exposure class referred to in BIPRU 4.3.2 R (1) (Sovereigns) where the number of material counterparties is limited and it would be unduly burdensome
The SREP is a process under which the FCA: (1) reviews the arrangements, strategies, processes and mechanisms implemented by a firm to comply with IFPRU, SYSC and with requirements imposed by or under the UK CRR4 and wider regulatory system and evaluates the risks to which the firm is, or might be, exposed;(2) determines whether the arrangements, strategies, processes and mechanisms implemented by the firm and the capital held by the firm ensures a sound management and coverage
(1) This paragraph applies to a firm that is not a significant IFPRU firm (see IFPRU 1.2.3 R) whose activities are simple and primarily not credit-related.(2) In carrying out its ICAAP it could: (a) identify and consider that firm's largest losses over the last three to five years and whether those losses are likely to recur;(b) prepare a short list of the most significant risks to which that firm is exposed;(c) consider how that firm would act, and the amount of capital that
For a firm that is a significant IFPRU firm (see IFPRU 1.2.3 R1) and whose activities are moderately complex, in carrying out its ICAAP, IFPRU 2.3.34 G (2) to IFPRU 2.3.34 G (4) apply. In addition, it could: 1(1) having consulted the management in each major business line, prepare a comprehensive list of the major risks to which the business is exposed;(2) estimate, with the aid of historical data, where available, the range and distribution of possible losses which might arise
(1) This paragraph applies to a proportional ICAAP in the case of a firm that is a significant IFPRU firm (see IFPRU 1.2.3 R) whose activities are complex.(2) A proportional approach to that firm'sICAAP should cover the matters identified in IFPRU 2.3.34 G and IFPRU 2.3.35 G, but is likely also to involve the use of models, most of which will be integrated into its day-to-day management and operation.(3) Models of the kind referred to in (2) may be linked to generate an overall
A firm with an IRB permission must ensure that there is no significant risk of it being unable to meet its own funds requirements for credit risk under Part Three, Title II of the UK CRR4 (Capital requirements for credit risk) at all times throughout an economic cycle, including the own funds requirements for credit risk indicated by any stress test carried out under article 177 of the UK CRR4 (Stress tests used in assessment of capital adequacy for a firm with an IRB permission)
When assessing reputational risk, an asset manager should consider issues such as: (1) how poor performance can affect its ability to generate profits;(2) the effect on its financial position should one or more of its key fund managers leave that firm; (3) the effect on its financial position should it lose some of its largest customers; and(4) how poor customer services can affect its financial position; for example, a firm which has outsourced the management of customer accounts
As an asset manager's mandates become more complex, the risk of it failing to comply fully with the terms of its contracts increases. In the event of such failure, a firm can be exposed to substantial losses resulting from customers' claims and legal actions. Although the FCA would expect an asset manager to have adequate controls in place to mitigate that risk, it may also like to consider the potential cost to it if customers claim that it has not adhered to mandates. Past claims
A firm may approach its assessment of adequate capital by developing a model, including an ECM (see IFPRU 2.3.36 G), for some or all of its business risks. The assumptions required to aggregate risks modelled and the confidence levels adopted should be considered by a firm'ssenior management. A firm should also consider whether any relevant risks, including systems and control risks, are not captured by the model.
(1) Where the requirements of BIPRU 5.2.2 R - BIPRU 5.2.8 R are met the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts, and, as relevant, expected loss amounts, may be modified in accordance with BIPRU 5 as modified by BIPRU 4.10.(2) No exposure in respect of which credit risk mitigation is obtained must produce a higher risk weighted exposure amount or expected loss amount than an otherwise identical exposure in respect of which there is no credit risk mitigation.(3) Where the
(1) Residential real estate property which is or will be occupied or let by the owner or the beneficial owner in the case of personal investment companies and commercial real estate property, that is offices and other commercial premises, may be recognised as eligible collateral where the conditions set out in the remaining provisions of this paragraph are met.(2) The value of the property must not materially depend upon the credit quality of the obligor. This requirement does
(1) For the recognition of receivables as collateral the requirements in this paragraph must be met.(2) The legal mechanism by which the collateral is provided must be robust and effective and ensure that the lender has clear rights over the proceeds.(3) A firm must take all steps necessary to fulfil local requirements in respect of the enforceability of security interests. There must be a framework which allows the lender to have a first priority claim over the collateral subject
(1) Where the requirements set out in this paragraph are met, exposures arising from transactions whereby a firm leases property to a third party must be treated the same as loans collateralised by the type of property leased.(2) For the exposures arising from leasing transactions to be treated as collateralised by the type of property leased, the following conditions must be met:(a) the conditions set out or referred to in BIPRU 4.10.13 R or BIPRU 4.10.18 R as appropriate for
(1) This rule sets out how the calculations under BIPRU 5.6.11 R (Using the supervisory volatility adjustments or the own estimates volatility adjustments approaches to master netting agreements covering repurchase transactions and/or securities or commodities lending or borrowing transactions and/or other capital market driven transactions) must be modified under the IRB approach.(2) Where risk weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts are calculated under the IRB approach,
(1) This rule sets out how the calculations under BIPRU 5.4.28 R (Calculating adjusted values under the financial collateral comprehensive method) must be modified under the IRB approach.(2) E as referred to in the provisions listed in (1) is the exposure value as would be determined under the IRB approach if the exposure was not collateralised. For this purpose, where a firm calculates risk weighted exposure amounts under the IRB approach, the exposure value of the items listed
BIPRU 7.8 sets out the method for calculating a net underwriting position or reduced net underwriting position, which is then included in the PRR calculation in other parts of BIPRU 7. It also deals with concentration risk. BIPRU 7.8 only relates to new securities, which is defined in BIPRU 7.8.12R.
A firm which underwrites or sub-underwrites an issue of securities must, for the purposes of calculating its market risk capital component1:(1) identify commitments to underwrite or sub-underwrite which give rise to an underwritingposition (see BIPRU 7.8.8R);(2) identify the time of initial commitment (see BIPRU 7.8.13R); and(3) calculate the net underwriting position (set out in BIPRU 7.8.17R), reduced net underwriting position or the net underwriting exposure.
In determining whether a UK recognised body has financial resources sufficient for the proper performance of its relevant functions, the FCA5 may have regard to:5(1) the operational and other risks to which the UK recognised body is exposed;(2) if the UK recognised body guarantees the performance of transactions in specified investments, the counterparty and market risks to which it is exposed in that capacity; 5(3) the amount and composition of the UK recognised body's capital;(4)
In assessing whether a UK recognised body has sufficient financial resources in relation to operational and other risks, the FCA5 may have regard to the extent to which, after allowing for the financial resources necessary to cover counterparty and market risks, the UK recognised body's financial resources are sufficient and sufficiently liquid:5(1) to enable the UK recognised body to continue carrying on properly the regulated activities that it expects to carry on; and(2) to
4(1) 4The FCA5 considers that a UK RIE which at any time holds:5(a) eligible financial resources not less than the greater of:(i) the amount calculated under the standard approach; and (ii) the amount calculated under the risk-based approach; and (b) net capital not less than the amount of eligible financial resources determined under (1)(a);will, at that time, have sufficient financial resources to meet the recognition requirement in respect of operational and other risks unless
4The FCA5 would expect to provide a UK recognised body with individual guidance, issued with a frequency determined in accordance with the usual prudential cycle for such bodies, communicated from time to time,6 on the amount of eligible financial resources which it considers would be sufficient for the UK recognised body to hold in respect of operational and other risks6 to satisfy the recognition requirements. In formulating its individual guidance, the FCA5 will ordinarily
4The financial risk assessment should be based on a methodology which provides a reasonable estimate of the potential business losses which a UK RIE might incur in stressed but plausible market conditions. The FCA5 would expect a UK RIE to carry out a financial risk assessment at least once in every twelve-month period, or more frequently if there are material changes in the nature, scale or complexity of the UK RIE's operations or its business plans that suggest such financial
To be eligible for the retail exposure class, an exposure must meet the following conditions:(1) the exposure must be either to an individual person or persons, or to a small or medium sized entity;(2) the exposure must be one of a significant number of exposures with similar characteristics such that the risks associated with such lending are substantially reduced; and(3) the total amount owed to the firm, its parent undertakings and its subsidiary undertakings, including any
A key driver of the preferential risk weight afforded retail exposures is the lower correlation and systematic risk associated with such exposures. This aspect is unrelated to the absolute number of retail exposures. Accordingly in defining what constitutes a significant number of retail exposures for the purpose of BIPRU 3.2.10 R (2), a firm need only satisfy itself that the number of retail exposures is sufficiently large to diversify away idiosyncratic risk. This assessment
(1) 2For the purpose of BIPRU 3.2.25R (1)(e), a firm must be able on an ongoing basis to demonstrate fully to the appropriate regulator the circumstances and arrangements, including legal arrangements, by virtue of which there are no material practical or legal impediments, and none are foreseen, to the prompt transfer of capital resources or repayment of liabilities from the counterparty to the firm. (2) In relation to a counterparty that is not a firm, the arrangements referred
For the purpose of BIPRU 3.2.25 R (1)(c) it is the risk management functions of the group that should be integrated, rather than the group's operational management. A firm should ensure that if risk management functions are integrated in this way it should be possible for the appropriate regulator to undertake qualitative supervision of the management of the integrated risk management function.
1Although there is no restriction on an applicant taking a controlling stake in an investee company, to ensure a spread of investment risk an applicant should avoid:(1) cross-financing between the businesses forming part of its investment portfolio including, for example, through the provision of undertakings or security for borrowings by such businesses for the benefit of another; and(2) the operation of common treasury functions as between the applicant and investee compani
1(1) If an applicant principally invests its funds in another company or fund that invests in a portfolio of investments (a "master fund"), the applicant must ensure that:1(a) the master fund's investment policies are consistent with the applicant's published investment policy and provide for spreading investment risk; and1(b) the master fund in fact invests and manages its investments in a way that is consistent with the applicant's published investment policy and spreads investment
The information in the investment policy, including quantitative information concerning the exposures mentioned in LR 15.2.7 R, should be sufficiently precise and clear as to enable an investor to:(1) assess the investment opportunity;(2) identify how the objective of risk spreading is to be achieved; and(3) assess the significance of any proposed change of investment policy.
The following must be calculated in accordance with BIPRU 9 (Securitisation):(1) risk-weighted exposure amounts for securitisedexposures and for exposures belonging to the IRB exposure class referred to in BIPRU 4.3.2 R (6) (securitisation positions); and(2) the expected loss amounts for securitisedexposures.[Note: BCD Article 87(10) and Article 88(3)]
Where a firm provides credit protection for a number of exposures under terms that the nth default among the exposures shall trigger payment and that this credit event shall terminate the contract, if the product has an external credit assessment from an eligible ECAI the risk weights set out in BIPRU 9 must be applied. If the product is not rated by an eligible ECAI, the risk weights of the exposures included in the basket must be aggregated, excluding n-1 exposures where the
The risk weighted exposure amounts must be calculated according to the formula:Risk-weighted exposure amount = 100% * exposure value except for when the exposure is a residual value of leased properties1 in which case it must1 be calculated as follows:1/t * 100% * exposure value;where t is the greater of 1 and the nearest number of whole years of the lease remaining.1[Note: BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 27]1
Where a firm has full recourse in respect of purchased receivables for default risk and for dilution risk, to the seller of the purchased receivables, BIPRU 4.8.21 R and BIPRU 4.8.30 R need not be applied. The exposure may instead be treated as a collateralised exposure.[Note: BCD Article 87(2) (part)]
(1) Where exposures in the form of a CIU1 meet the criteria set out in BIPRU 3.4.121 R2(Conditions for look through treatment under the standardised approach) and the firm is aware of all of the underlying exposures of the CIU, the firm must look through to those underlying exposures in order to calculate risk weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts in accordance with the methods set out in BIPRU 4.BIPRU 4.9.12 R applies to the part of the underlying exposures of the
(1) Where exposures in the form of a CIU do not meet the criteria set out in BIPRU 3.4.121 R2(Conditions for look through treatment under the standardised approach) or the firm is not aware of all of the underlying exposures of the CIU, a firm must look through to the underlying exposures and calculate risk weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts in accordance with the approach set out in BIPRU 4.7.9 R - BIPRU 4.7.12 R (Simple risk weights). If, for those purposes,
In identifying its money laundering risk and in establishing the nature of these systems and controls, a firm should consider a range of factors, including:1(1) its customer, product and activity profiles;(2) its distribution channels;(3) the complexity and volume of its transactions;(4) its processes and systems; and(5) its operating environment.
A firm should ensure that the systems and controls include:1(1) appropriate training for its employees in relation to money laundering;(2) appropriate provision of information to its governing body and senior management, including a report at least annually by that firm'smoney laundering reporting officer (MLRO) on the operation and effectiveness of those systems and controls;(3) appropriate documentation of its risk management policies and risk profile in relation to money laundering,
(1) Economic substance: the risk management and capital treatment of a securitisation must be determined on the basis of its economic substance and not its legal form.(2) Eligible structures: only standalone traditional securitisations are eligible.(3) Eligible underlying assets: term assets (e.g. residential mortgages) originated by the firm are eligible. (4) Effective credit-risk transfer: the securitisation mechanism (e.g. true sale) must effectively transfer the risks of the
Stress testing: the firm must carry out regular stress testing which takes into account: (1) the firm-wide impact of securitisation activities and exposures in stressed market conditions; and(2) the implications for other sources of risk including, but not limited to, credit risk, concentration risk, counterparty risk, market risk, liquidity risk and reputational risk.
(1) A conversion factor of 100% must be applied to the nominal amount of unrated liquidity facilities unless the conditions in MIPRU 4.2BA.51 R or MIPRU 4.2BA.53 R for a conversion factor of 50% or 0% are met. (2) The risk weight to be applied is the highest risk weight that would be applied to any of the securitised exposures by a firm holding those exposures.
(1) A conversion factor of 50% may be applied to the nominal amount of an unrated liquidity facility where all the conditions in MIPRU 4.2BA.52 R are met. (2) The risk weight to be applied is the highest risk weight that would be applied to any of the securitised exposures by a firm holding those exposures.
The conditions for the application of a conversion factor of 50% are:(1) the liquidity facility documentation must clearly identify and limit the circumstances under which the facility may be drawn;(2) it must not be possible for the facility to be drawn so as to provide credit support by covering losses already incurred at the time of drawdown, for example by providing liquidity for exposures in default at the time of drawdown or by acquiring assets at more than fair value;(3)
This section (BIPRU 3.5) sets out a simplified approach to calculating risk weights. This approach is only relevant to an exposure class for which risk weights are determined by the ratings of a nominated ECAI or an export credit agency. For other exposure classes a firm should use the normal approach under the standardised approach.
Rather than risk weightingexposures individually, a firm eligible to apply the simplified approach should apply a single risk weight to all exposures in each exposure class. The simplified risk weight for exposures in a particular class will be the risk weighting for unrated entities for each exposure class in which the external credit assessments influence risk weights.
Table : Simplified method of calculating risk weights
This table belongs to BIPRU 3.5.4 G.
Exposure class |
Exposure sub-class |
Risk weights |
Comments |
Central government |
Exposures to United Kingdom government or Bank of England in sterling |
0% |
|
Exposures to central governments or central banks of certain countries outside the UK3 in currency of that country |
See next column |
The risk weight is whatever it is under local law. See BIPRU 3.4.6 R for precise details. |
|
Other exposures |
100% |
||
Regional/local governments |
Exposures to the Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales and Northern Ireland Assembly in sterling |
0% |
|
Exposures to local or regional governments of certain countries outside the UK3 in currency of that country |
0% |
See BIPRU 3.4.19 R for details of type of local/regional government covered. See Note.3 |
|
Exposures to United Kingdom local/regional government in sterling3 if the exposure has original effective maturity of 3 months or less |
20% |
||
Exposures to local or regional governments of countries outside the UK3 in currency of that country if the exposure has original effective maturity of 3 months or less |
20% |
See Note.3 |
|
Other exposures |
100% |
||
Exposures to a PSE of the United Kingdom if that PSE is guaranteed by central government and if the exposure is in sterling3. |
0% |
BIPRU 3.4.24 R describes the United KingdomPSEs covered3. |
|
Exposures to PSE of a country outside the UK3 if that PSE is guaranteed by the country's central government and if the exposure is in currency of that country. |
0% |
See BIPRU 3.4.26 R and Note.3 |
|
Exposures to a PSE of the United Kingdom in sterling3 if the exposure has original effective maturity of 3 months or less |
20% |
||
Exposures to PSE of a country outside the UK3 in currency of that country if the exposure has original effective maturity of 3 months or less |
20% |
See Note3. |
|
Other exposures |
100% |
||
Exposures to multilateral development banks listed in paragraph (1) of the Glossary definition |
0% |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. |
|
Other exposures |
Various |
Treated as an institution |
|
EU2, The3 International Monetary Fund and the Bank for International Settlements 2 |
0% |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. |
|
Exposures to United Kingdominstitution in sterling with original effective maturity of three months or less |
20% |
||
Exposures to institution with a head office in a country outside the UK3 in the currency of that country with original effective maturity of three months or less |
20% |
See Note3. |
|
Exposures to United Kingdominstitution in sterling with original effective maturity of over three months |
50% |
||
| 1 | |||
| 1 | |||
Exposures to institution with a head office in a country outside the UK3 in the currency of that country with original effective maturity of over three1 months |
50% |
See Note3. |
|
Other exposures |
100% |
||
100% |
|||
75% |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. |
||
Mortgages on residential or commercial property |
Various |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. |
|
Past due items |
Various |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. |
|
High risk items |
150% |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. |
|
Various |
Risk weights are based on the risk weight of issuer as described in BIPRU 3.4.110 R. The risk weight of the issuer for this purpose should be calculated under the simplified approach. |
||
Generally 1250%. May look through to underlying exposures if BIPRU 9 allows. |
Use the BIPRU 9rules for unrated exposures under the standardised approach |
||
Short term exposures with rating |
See BIPRU 3.4.112 R. Not applicable as uses ECAI ratings. |
||
May look through to underlying under BIPRU 3.4.123 R |
Various |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. May use simplified approach to underlying if simplified approach applies to underlying. |
|
May use average risk weight under BIPRU 3.4.124 R |
Various |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. May use simplified approach to underlyings if simplified approach applies to underlying. |
|
High risk under BIPRU 3.4.118 R |
150% |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. |
|
Others |
100% |
||
Other items under BIPRU 3.2.9 R (16) |
Various |
Simplified approach does not apply. Normal rules apply. |
|
Note3: The risk weight should not be lower than the risk weight that applies for national currency exposures of the central government of the third country in question under BIPRU 3.5. That means that this risk weight only applies if the third country is one of those to which BIPRU 3.4.6 R (Preferential risk weight for exposures of the central government of countries outside the UK3 that apply equivalent prudential standards) applies. |
|||
1A management company must establish and apply remuneration policies and practices for UCITS Remuneration Code staff that: (1) are consistent with and promote sound and effective risk management;(2) do not encourage risk taking which is inconsistent with the risk profiles or the instrument constituting the fund or the prospectus, as applicable, of the UCITS it manages; (3) do not impair the management company’s compliance with its duty to act in the best interests of the UCITS
A management company must ensure that its remuneration policy: (1) is consistent with, and promotes sound and effective risk management; and(2) does not encourage risk taking which is inconsistent with the risk profiles or the instrument constituting the fund of the UCITS it manages.[Note: article 14b(1)(a) of the UCITS Directive]
(1) A management company must ensure that its management body in its supervisory function: (a) adopts and reviews at least annually the general principles of the remuneration policy; and(b) is responsible for the implementation of the general principles of the remuneration policy.(2) The tasks in (1) must be undertaken only by members of the management body who:(a) do not perform any executive functions in the management company concerned; and (b) have expertise in risk management
(1) A management company must establish a remuneration committee if it is significant in terms of: (a) its size, or the size of the UCITS that it manages2; (b) [deleted]2(c) the complexity of its internal organisation; and2(d) the nature, the scope and the complexity of its activities.(2) The remuneration committee must be constituted in a way that enables it to exercise competent and independent judgment on: (a) remuneration policies and practices; and(b) the incentives created
A management company must ensure the remuneration of the senior officers in the risk management and compliance functions is directly overseen by: (1) the remuneration committee; or(2) if such a committee has not been established, the management body in its supervisory function.[Note: article 14b(1)(f) of the UCITS Directive]
A management company must ensure that the assessment of performance is set in a multi-year framework appropriate to any holding period recommended to the investors of the UCITS managed by the management company to ensure that the: (1) assessment process is based on the long-term performance of the UCITS and its investment risks; and (2) actual payment of the performance-based components of remuneration is spread over the same period. [Note: article 14b(1)(h) of the UCITS Dire
A firm may rely on a third party to calculate and report PRR capital requirements for position risk (general market risk and specific risk) for positions in CIUs falling within BIPRU 7.7.9R and BIPRU 7.7.11R, in accordance with the methods set out in BIPRU 7.7, provided that the correctness of the calculation and the report is adequately ensured.
Without prejudice to other provisions in BIPRU 7.7, a position in a CIU is subject to a collective investment undertaking PRR (general market risk and specific risk) of 32%. Without prejudice to provisions in BIPRU 7.5.18R (Foreign currency PRR for CIUs) or, if the firm has a VaR model permission, BIPRU 7.10.44R (Commodity risks and VaR models) taken together with BIPRU 7.5.18R, where the modified gold treatment set out in those rules is used, a position in a CIU is subject to
(1) Where a firm is aware of the underlying investments of the CIU on a daily basis the firm may look through to those underlying investments in order to calculate the securities PRR for position risk (general market risk and specific risk) for those positions in accordance with the methods set out in the securities PRR requirements or, if the firm has a VaR model permission, in accordance with the methods set out in BIPRU 7.10 (Use of a Value at Risk Model).(2) Under this approach,
(1) A firm may calculate the securities PRR for position risk (general market risk and specific risk) for positions in CIUs in accordance with the methods set out in the securities PRR requirements or, if the firm has a VaR model permission, in accordance with the methods set out in BIPRU 7.10 (Use of a Value at Risk Model), to assumed positions representing those necessary to replicate the composition and performance of the externally generated index or fixed basket of equities
Where a firm is not aware of the underlying investments of the CIU on a daily basis, the firm may calculate the securities PRR for position risk (general market risk and specific risk) in accordance with the methods set out in the securities PRR requirements, subject to the following conditions:(1) it must be assumed that the CIU first invests to the maximum extent allowed under its mandate in the asset classes attracting the highest securities PRR for position risk (general market