Related provisions for PERG 4.4.6

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To access the FCA Handbook Archive choose a date between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2004 (From field only).

BIPRU 3.4.66RRP
(1) The requirements about monitoring of property values referred to in BIPRU 3.4.60 R (4)(b) are as follows:(a) the value of the property must be monitored on a frequent basis and at a minimum once every three years for residential real estate;(b) more frequent monitoring must be carried out where the market is subject to significant changes in conditions;(c) statistical methods may be used to monitor the value of the property and to identify property that needs revaluation;(d)
BIPRU 3.4.74GRP
For the purposes of BIPRU 3.4.73 R a firm should, as a minimum, ensure that it is a requirement of each loan that the property taken as collateral must have adequate buildings insurance at all times, which should be reviewed when any new loan is extended against the property.
BIPRU 3.4.97RRP
For the purpose of defining the secured portion of the past due item, eligible collateral and guarantees must be those eligible for credit risk mitigation purposes under BIPRU 5.[Note: BCD Annex VI Part 1 point 62]
BIPRU 3.4.100GRP
The application of BIPRU 3.4.96 R and BIPRU 3.4.99 R may be illustrated on the basis of a £110,000 loan on a property valued at £100,000, where £80,000 of the loan is secured and £30,000 of the exposure is unsecured and provisions of £20,000 are taken:(1) Option 1 (application of BIPRU 3.4.96 R):(a) provision of £20,000 taken on £80,000 secured exposure;(b) provision exceeds 20%, so the firm should risk weight the remaining £60,000 secured exposure at 50%;(c) the risk weight to
BIPRU 3.4.107RRP
(1) Covered bonds means covered bonds as defined in paragraph (1) of the definition in the glossary (Definition based on Article 22(4) of the UCITS Directive) and collateralised by any of the following eligible assets:(a) exposures to or guaranteed by central governments, central bank, public sector entities, regional governments and local authorities in the EEA;(b) (i) exposures to or guaranteed by non-EEA central governments, non-EEAcentral banks, multilateral development banks,
CREDS 3A.3.1RRP
1A credit union must not borrow from a natural person, except by way of a subordinated loan qualifying as capital under PRA rules.
CREDS 3A.3.2GRP
CREDS 3A.3.1R does not apply to borrowing from a body corporate. A loan made to a credit union by a body corporate can either be a subordinated loan (providing regulatory capital within PRA rules) or a senior loan (providing ordinary funding, but not constituting regulatory capital).
CREDS 7.1.2GRP
(1) This chapter seeks to protect the interests of credit unions' members in respect of loans to members under section 11 of the Credit Unions Act 1979 or article 28 of the Credit Unions (Northern Ireland) Order 19852. Principle 4 requires credit unions to maintain adequate financial resources3.(2) [deleted]3
CREDS 7.1.3GRP
The rules and guidance in this chapter are in addition to the provisions of (in relation to Great Britain credit unions)2section 11 of the Credit Unions Act 1979 and (in relation to Northern Ireland credit unions) article 28 of the Credit Unions (Northern Ireland) Order 19852 in relation to loans made by credit unions. Under these provisions (1) a Great Britain credit union may make a loan only to:22(a) a member of the credit union who is an individual; and(b) a corporate member
MCOB 2A.3.1RRP
Where an MCD regulated mortgage contract relates to a foreign currency loan, at the time the MCD regulated mortgage contract is entered into the MCD mortgage lender must ensure:(1) the consumer has a right to convert the MCD regulated mortgage contract into an alternative currency under specified conditions; or(2) there are other arrangements in place to limit the exchange rate risk to which the consumer is exposed under the MCD regulated mortgage contract.[Note: article 23(1)
MCOB 2A.3.3GRP
Where:(1) an MCD regulated mortgage contract is denominated in the currency of the EEA State in which the consumer is resident ("currency A"); and(2) the consumer receives income or holds assets in currency A but also receives income or holds assets in another currency ("currency B");the MCD regulated mortgage contract will not be a foreign currency loan unless the credit is to be repaid wholly or in part from the income received or assets held in currency B.
RCB 3.6.5DRP
Unless otherwise stated, the issuer or the owner, as the case may be, must send the relevant forms and information to the FCA's address marked for the attention of the "Covered Bonds Team, Capital Markets Sector" by any of the following methods:(1) post; or(2) leaving it at the FCA's address and obtaining a time-stamped receipt; or(3) email to rcb@fca.org.uk.
MCOB 7.5.1RRP
Subject to MCOB 7.5.2 R, a firm must provide the customer with a statement at least once a year (or, in relation to the first statement, within the first 13 months)2:(1) covering the regulated mortgage contract and any tied product purchased through the firm; and(2) giving information about the existence of any linked borrowing or linked deposits, or any other products purchased through the firm where the payments for those products are combined with the payments on the regulated
MCOB 7.5.3RRP
The statement required by MCOB 7.5.1 R must contain the following:(1) except in the case of mortgage credit cards, information on the type of regulated mortgage contract, including:(a) a clear statement of whether the regulated mortgage contract is an interest-only mortgage, or repayment mortgage, or a combination of both; and(b) a prominent reminder, where all of the regulated mortgage contract is an interest-only mortgage, that:(i) the customer's payments to the firm do not
MCOB 7.5.6GRP
Whether a firm is likely to provide the information set out in MCOB 7.5.3 R(2) more frequently than once a year will depend on the nature of the regulated mortgage contract. In determining how frequently to provide that information, a firm should take into account the need to keep the customer informed of any changes in the amount they owe, the customer's expectations and, where appropriate, the duration of the loan. For example, for a mortgage credit card the information might
FEES 4.4.9DRP
3To the extent that a firm4 has provided the information required by FEES 4.4.7 D to the FCA as part of its compliance with another provision of the Handbook, it is deemed to have complied with the provisions of that direction.444
DISP App 1.3.5GRP
21If the "new" mortgage is, in fact, arranged at a lower interest rate than the existing loan, the benefit to the complainant should usually be disregarded, as it is always open to complainants to change their underlying mortgage arrangements at any time.
DISP App 1.3.6GRP
12If the "new" mortgage is arranged at a higher interest rate than the existing loan, the increased payment should not normally be taken into account in calculating any payment to be made to the complainant.
DISP App 1.3.7GRP
12If the complainant takes the opportunity to increase his loan on the occasion of the remortgage, the expenses which a firm pays by way of compensation should be paid by reference to the capital sum due under the "old" loan.
MCOB 6A.3.3GRP
(1) MCOB 6A.3.1 R does not prevent a binding offer from being subject to lawful conditions, including conditions which make the binding offer subject to one or more of the matters listed below:(a) there being no material change to the facts and circumstances relating to the binding offer which occurs after the date on which the binding offer is made;(b) the fact that the consumer has not knowingly provided incomplete or inaccurate information for the purpose of the assessment
MCOB 6A.3.7GRP
Where it is known that a loan will be released in instalments, for example in the case of a self-build mortgage, the loan can involve a binding offer, ESIS and the reflection period either for:(1) the full amount; or(2) an initial amount, which would be replaced by a binding offer, an ESIS and reflection period for a larger amount and so on.
MCOB 6A.3.9RRP
A firm must ensure that the offer document contains a prominent statement explaining:(1) the period for which the offer is valid;(2) where the MCD regulated mortgage contract contains features, such as additional unsecured borrowing facilities, which could result in the consumer borrowing more money that, where such features are used, the amount of the consumer's debt will increase;(3) when any interest rate change on the MCD regulated mortgage contract takes effect. This statement
DISP App 1.4.10GRP
12If a loan extending into retirement was on any basis not affordable, whether or not it is reconstructed to the retirement date, firms will need to consider whether, if proper advice had been given, the loan would have been taken out at all and, if not, consider what arrangements might now need to be made in order to reduce the amount of the complainant's borrowings.
DISP App 1.4.14GRP

12Example 8

Example 8

Term extends beyond retirement age and policy reconstruction

Background

45 year old male non-smoker, having taken out a £50,000 loan in 1998 for a term of 25 years. Unsuitable sale identified on the grounds of affordability and complaint raised on 12th policy anniversary.

It has always been the intention of the complainant to retire at State retirement age 65.

Term from date of sale to retirement is 20 years and the maturity date of the mortgage is 5 years after retirement.

Established facts

Established premium paid by investor on policy of original term (25 years):

£81.20

Premium that would have been payable on policy with term from sale to retirement (20 years):

£111.20

Actual policy value at time complaint assessed:

£12,500

Value of an equivalent 20-year policy at time complaint assessed:

£21,300

Difference in policy values at time complaint assessed:

£8,800

Difference in outgoings (20 year policy - 25 year policy):

£4,320

Basis of compensation

The policy is reconstructed as if it had been set up originally on a term to mature at retirement age, in this example, a term of 20 years. The difference in the current value of the policy actually sold to the complainant and the current value of the reconstructed policy, as if the premium on the reconstructed policy had been paid from outset, is calculated. The complainant has gained from lower outgoings (lower premiums) of the actual endowment policy to date. In calculating the redress, the gain may be offset against the loss unless the complainant's particular circumstances are such that it would be unreasonable to take account of the gain.

Redress generally if it is not unreasonable to take account of the whole of the gain from lower outgoings

Loss from current value of reconstructed policy less current value of actual policy:

(£8,800)

Gain from total lower outgoings under actual policy:

£4,320

Net loss:

(£4,480)

Therefore total redress is:

£4,480

Redress if it is unreasonable to take account of gain from lower outgoings

Loss from current value of reconstructed policy less current value of actual policy:

(£8,800)

Gain from total lower outgoings under actual policy:

Ignored

Therefore total redress is:

£8,800

Additional Information

If the policy is capable of reconstruction, the complainant must now fund the higher premiums himself for the remainder of the term of the shortened policy until maturity. In this example the higher premium could be £111.20. However the firm should provide the complainant with a reprojection letter based on the reconstructed policy such that the actual monthly payment required to achieve the target sum could be even higher, say £130. The reprojection letter should set out the range of options facing the complainant to deal with the projected shortfall, if any.

DISP App 1.4.15GRP

12Example 9

Example 9

Term extends beyond retirement age: example of failure to explain investment risks

Background

45 year old male non-smoker, having taken out a £50,000 loan in 1998 for a term of 25 years. Unsuitable sale identified on the grounds of affordability and complaint raised on 12th anniversary.

It has always been the intention of the complainant to retire at state retirement age 65.

Term from date of sale to retirement is 20 years and the maturity date of the mortgage is five years after retirement.

In addition, an endowment does not meet the complainant's attitude to investment risk and a repayment mortgage would have been taken out if properly advised.

Established facts

Surrender value (on the 25 year policy) at time complaint assessed:

£12,500

Capital repaid under repayment mortgage of term to retirement date (20 years):

£21,000

Surrender value less capital repaid:

(£8.500)

Difference in outgoings (repayment - endowment):

£5,400

Cost of converting from endowment mortgage to repayment mortgage:

£200

Basis of compensation:

The surrender value of the (25 year term) endowment policy is compared to the capital that would have been repaid to date under a repayment mortgage arranged to repay the loan at retirement age, in this example, a repayment mortgage for a term of 20 years. The complainant has gained from lower outgoings of the endowment mortgage to date. In calculating the redress, the gain may be offset against the loss unless the complainant's particular circumstances are such that it would be unreasonable to take account of the gain. The conversion costs are also taken into account in calculating the redress.

Redress generally

Loss from surrender value less capital repaid:

(£8,500)

Gain from total lower outgoings under endowment mortgage:

£5,400

Cost of converting to a repayment mortgage:

(£200)

Net loss:

(£3,300)

Therefore total redress is:

£3,300

Redress if it is unreasonable to take account of gain from lower outgoings

Loss from surrender value less capital repaid:

(£8,500)

Gain from total lower outgoings under endowment mortgage:

Ignored

Cost of converting to a repayment mortgage:

(£8,700)

Therefore total redress is:

£8,700
MCOB 9.3.1AGRP
3The provisions in this sourcebook that apply to home reversion plans should be read in a purposive way. This means that firms should substitute equivalent home reversion terminology for lifetime mortgage terminology, where appropriate. Examples of terms and expressions that must be replaced are 'loan' or 'amount borrowed', which should be replaced with 'amount released' or 'amount to be released', as appropriate, and 'mortgage lender' and 'mortgage intermediary' which should
MCOB 9.3.2RRP

Table of modified cross-references to other rules.

This table belongs to MCOB 9.3.1 R.

Subject

Rule or guidance

Reference in rule or guidance

To be read as a reference to:

Variations

MCOB 5.1.3R(2)

MCOB 7

MCOB 7 as modified by MCOB 9

Part of loan not an equity release transaction2

2

MCOB 5.1.9G

MCOB 5.6.6R(2)

MCOB 9.4.6R(2)

Waiver of provisions

MCOB 5.1.10G

MCOB 5.6

MCOB 9.4.

Purpose

MCOB 5.2.1G

MCOB 5

MCOB 5 as modified by MCOB 9

Applying for a lifetime mortgage2

2

MCOB 5.3.2G

MCOB 5.6.26R and MCOB 5.6.27R

MCOB 9.4.26R and MCOB 9.4.27R

4Messages to be given when providing information on equity release transactions

MCOB 5.4.18AR (1)

MCOB 5.4.18AR (1)(a)

MCOB 4.7A.2 R

MCOB 4.4A.1R (1), MCOB 4.4A.2 R and MCOB 4.4A.4R (1)

MCOB 8.5A.2 R

MCOB 4.4A.1R (1), MCOB 4.4A.2 R and MCOB 4.4A.4R (1), each as applied by MCOB 8.3.1 R in modified form

4Messages to be given when customer requests an execution-only sale

MCOB 5.4.18BR (1)

MCOB 4.8A.14R (1) to MCOB 4.8A.14R (3)

MCOB 8.6A.4R (2)

4Guidance relevant to messages given to customer

MCOB 5.4.18C G

MCOB 5 Annex 1

MCOB 9 Annex 1 R for a lifetime mortgage; MCOB 9 Annex 2 R for a home reversion plan.

Tied products

MCOB 5.4.24G

MCOB 5.6.74R

MCOB 9.4.73R or MCOB 9.4.160R3

4Provision of illustrations: timing

MCOB 5.5.1 R (2)(e)

MCOB 4.8A.14R (1), (2) or (3)

MCOB 8.6A.4R (2)

Issue of offer document in place of illustration

MCOB 5.5.3G

MCOB 6.4 and MCOB 6.6

MCOB 6.4 and MCOB 6.6 as modified by MCOB 9

Customer's credit record

MCOB 5.5.16R

MCOB 5.5.15R(4)

MCOB 9.3.12R(3)
MCOB 9.3.4RRP

Table of rules in MCOB 5 which do not apply to MCOB 9: This table belongs to MCOB 9.3.1R.

Subject

Rule(s)

Business loans and loans to high net worth mortgage customers: tailored provisions4

MCOB 5.7
COLL 5.5.4RRP
(1) The ICVC or depositary of an AUT or ACS4 (on the instructions of the authorised fund manager4) may, in accordance with this rule and COLL 5.5.5 R (Borrowing limits), borrow money for the use of the authorised fund on terms that the borrowing is to be repayable out of the scheme property.44(2) Paragraph (1) is subject to the obligation of the authorised fund to comply with any restriction in the instrument constituting the fund.55(3) The ICVC or depositary of an AUT or ACS4
COLL 5.5.5RRP
(1) The authorised fund manager must ensure that the authorised fund's borrowing does not, on any day, exceed 10% of the value of the scheme property.(2) This rule does not apply to "back to back" borrowing under COLL 5.3.5 R (2)(Borrowing).(3) In this rule, borrowing includes, as well as borrowing in a conventional manner, any other arrangement (including a combination of derivatives) designed to achieve a temporary injection of money into the scheme property in the expectation
COLL 5.5.5AGRP
6An authorised fund manager should ensure when calculating the authorised fund’s borrowing for COLL 5.5.5R(1) that:(1) the figure calculated is the total of all borrowing in all currencies by the authorised fund; and(2) long and short positions in different currencies are not netted off against each other.
DISP App 3.7.4ERP
Additionally, where a single premium was added to a loan:(1) for live policies:(a) subject to DISP App 3.7.5 E, where there remains an outstanding loan balance, the firm should, where possible, arrange for the loan to be restructured (without charge to the complainant but using any applicable cancellation value) with the effect of:(i) removing amounts relating to the payment protection contract (including any interest and charges); and(ii) ensuring the number and amounts of any
DISP App 3.7.12ERP
Additionally, where a single premium was added to a loan, DISP App 3.7.4 E applies except that in respect of DISP App 3.7.4 E (1)(a) the cancellation value should only be used if the complainant expressly wishes to cancel the policy.
DISP App 3.7.13ERP
The firm should, for the purposes of redressing the complaint, use the value of £9 per £100 of benefits payable as the monthly price of the alternative regular premium payment protection contract. For example, if the monthly repayment amount in relation to the loan only is to be £200, the price of the alternative regular premium payment protection contract will be £18.
BIPRU 12.6.6RRP
The first condition is that:(1) no less than 75% of the firm's total liabilities are accounted for by retail deposits and:2(a) 2the firm's total assets do not exceed 250 million; or (b) 2the firms total assets do not exceed 1 billion and no less than 70% of those assets are accounted for by:(i) assets of the kind that fall into BIPRU 12.7.2 R and which the firm counts towards its simplified buffer requirement; and(ii) retail loans; or(c) 2no less than 70% of the firm's total assets
BIPRU 12.6.6ARRP
2For the purpose of BIPRU 12.6.6 R, a firm must calculate:(1) its total assets by reference to its most recent FSA001 data item; and (2) its retail loans as the total of its lending to the retail sector recorded in cell 11A in its most recent FSA015 data item.
BIPRU 12.6.15RRP
The credit pipeline component is the sum represented by 25% of a firm's credit facilities offered to its customers but which are yet to be drawn down, including:4(1) offers to make loans secured on residential property;(2) overdraft facilities; and(3) credit card facilities.
BIPRU 4.3.47RRP
The criteria referred to in BIPRU 4.3.43 R must also be consistent with the firm's internal lending standards and its policies for handling troubled obligors and facilities.[Note:BCD Annex VII Part 4 point 17 (part)]
BIPRU 4.3.68GRP
(1) If an obligor approach is being taken with respect to retail exposures (that is, the application of the definition of default at an obligor level rather than at a facility level as set out in BIPRU 4.6.21 R,) a firm should ensure that the PD associated with unsecured exposures is not understated as a result of the presence of any collateralised exposures. A firm should be able to explain to the appropriate regulator, if asked, how it has ensured that its estimate of PD is
BIPRU 4.3.85RRP
The population of exposures represented in the data used for estimation, the lending standards used when the data was generated and other relevant characteristics must be comparable with those of a firm'sexposures and standards. A firm must also be able to demonstrate to the appropriate regulator that the economic or market conditions that underlie the data are relevant to current and foreseeable conditions. The number of exposures in the sample and the data period used for quantification
BIPRU 4.3.132GRP
(1) This paragraph contains guidance about the interpretation of the requirements relating to comparability in BIPRU 4.3.85 R. It is also relevant to the requirement for representative data in BIPRU 4.3.51 R (5), to the references to comparability in the additional guidance in BIPRU 4.3.53 G (7)(b) and to the requirements for similarity in BIPRU 4.3.92 R.(2) In general, comparability should be based on analyses of the population of exposures represented in the data, the lending
BIPRU 7.2.4RRP

Table: Instruments which result in notional positions

This table belongs to BIPRU 7.2.3R(2)

Instrument

See

Futures, forwards or synthetic futures on debt securities

BIPRU 7.2.13 R

Futures, forwards or synthetic futures on debt indices or baskets

BIPRU 7.2.14R

Interest rate futures or forward rate agreements (FRAs)

BIPRU 7.2.18 R

Interest rate swaps or foreign currencyswaps

BIPRU 7.2.21R

Deferred start interest rate swaps or foreign currencyswaps

BIPRU 7.2.24R

The interest rate leg of an equityswap (unless the firm calculates the interest rate PRR on the instrument using the basic interest rate PRR calculation in BIPRU 7.3 (Equity PRR and basic interest rate PRR for equity derivatives))

BIPRU 7.2.27R

The cash leg of a repurchase agreement or a reverse repurchase agreement

BIPRU 7.2.30R

Cash borrowings or deposits

BIPRU 7.2.31 R

Options on a debt security, a basket of debt securities, a debt security index, an interest rate or an interest rate future or swap (including an option on a future on a debt security) (unless the firm calculates a PRR on the option under BIPRU 7.6 (Option PRR))

BIPRU 7.2.32R

Dual currency bonds

BIPRU 7.2.33R

Foreign currency futures or forwards

BIPRU 7.2.34R

Gold futures or forwards

BIPRU 7.2.34R

Forwards, futures or options (except cliquets) on an equity, basket of equities or equity index (unless the firm calculates the interest rate PRR on the instrument using the basic interest rate PRR calculation in BIPRU 7.3)

BIPRU 7.2.34R

Credit derivatives

BIPRU 7.11

A warrant must be treated in the same way as an option
BIPRU 7.2.19RRP

Table: Interest rate futures and FRAs

This table belongs to BIPRU 7.2.18R

A short position in a zero coupon zero-specific-risk security

A long position in a zero coupon zero-specific-risk security

Where the firm buys an interest rate future or sells an FRA

Maturity equals the expiry date of the future (or settlement date of the FRA)

Maturity equals the expiry date of the future (or settlement date of the FRA) plus the maturity of the notional borrowing/deposit

Where the firm sells an interest rate future or buys an FRA

Maturity equals the expiry date of the future (or settlement date of the FRA) plus the maturity of the notional borrowing/deposit

Maturity equals the expiry date of the future (or settlement date of the FRA)
BIPRU 7.2.31RRP
A cash borrowing or deposit must be treated as a notional position in a zero coupon zero-specific-risk security which:(1) is a short position in the case of a borrowing and a long position in the case of a deposit;(2) has a value equal to the market value of the borrowing or deposit;(3) has a maturity equal to that of the borrowing or deposit, or the next date the interest rate is reset (if earlier); and(4) has a coupon equal to:(a) zero, if the next interest payment date coincides
CREDS 2.2.3GRP
A credit union’s systems and controls should be proportionate to the nature, scale and complexity of the activities it undertakes. For instance, a 5small credit union5 will not usually 5be expected to have the same systems and controls as a large one, and a credit union offering only basic savings accounts and loans will not be expected to have the same systems and controls as one offering a wider range of services or more complicated products5.
CREDS 2.2.31GRP
Some important compliance issues include:(1) insurance against fraud and dishonesty;(2) arrangements for the prevention, detection and reporting of money laundering;(3) establishing and maintaining a satisfactory system of control;(4) keeping proper books of account;(5) computation and application of profits;(6) investment of surplus funds;(7) capital requirements; (8) liquidity requirements;(9) limits on shares and loans;(10) maintenance of membership records;(11) submission
CREDS 2.2.35GRP
In forming a view on whether the management information system is sufficiently comprehensive, the governing body5should consider whether, where relevant, the substance of reports provides a clear statement of loans, arrears and provisions. These matters should be compared against limits, ratios and other parameters set by the governing body, as well as regulatory requirements.5
CREDS 2.2.45GRP
The internal audit work programme should include items such as:(1) verification of cash (counting and reconciliation) without prior notification;(2) bank reconciliation (checking records against bank statements);(3) verification of passbooks or account statements;(4) checking for compliance with policies and procedures;(5) checking for compliance with relevant Acts, secondary legislation and rules;(6) checking minutes and reports of the governing body5 and other sub-committees
PERG 4.17.4GRP
Unsecured loans are not subject to carve-out described above and may be regulated credit agreements for the purposes of the CCA and the credit-related regulated activities for which a person may need permission.121
PERG 4.17.18GRP
2A number of Regulated Activities Order exclusions from the consumer credit regulated activities are relevant to lenders under loans secured on land. These include:(1) article 60C(2) (regulated mortgage contract is an exempt credit agreement, as summarised in PERG 2.7.19CG (1));(2) article 60C(3) (commercial lending, as summarised in PERG 2.7.19CG (2));(3) article 60D (loans secured on non-residential property, as summarised in PERG 2.7.19E G);(4) article 60F (loans with a limited
DISP App 3.1.1GRP
(1) 1This appendix sets out how:3(a) 3a firm should handle complaints relating to the sale of a payment protection contract by the firm which express dissatisfaction about the sale, or matters related to the sale, including where there is a rejection of claims on the grounds of ineligibility or exclusion (but not matters unrelated to the sale, such as delays in claims handling); and3(b) 3a firm that is a CCA lender and which has received such a complaint should consider whether
DISP App 3.1.5GRP
In this appendix:(1) (a) at step 1,3 “historic interest” means the interest the complainant paid to the firm because a payment protection contract was added to a loan or credit product;3(b) at step 2, “historic interest” means in relation to any sum, the interest the complainant paid as a result of that sum being included in the loan or credit product;32(2) "simple interest" means a non-compound rate of 8% per annum;3(3) "claim" means a claim by a complainant seeking to rely upon