This table belongs to GENPRU 2.2.5 G
Related provisions for GENPRU 2.2.143
1 - 20 of 89 items.
This table belongs to GENPRU 2.2.17 R
Type of firm |
Location of rules |
Remarks |
BIPRU firm16without an investment firm consolidation waiver 16 |
GENPRU 2 Annex 4 (Deducts material holdings) |
Applies to a BIPRU firm16not using GENPRU 2 Annex 5 or GENPRU 2 Annex 6 16 |
BIPRU firm16without an investment firm consolidation waiver 16 |
GENPRU 2 Annex 5 (Deducts illiquid assets) |
A BIPRU firm16must give one Month's prior notice to the FCA16 before starting to use or stopping using this method 1616 |
BIPRU firm16with an investment firm consolidation waiver 16 |
GENPRU 2 Annex 6 (Deducts illiquid assets and material holdings) |
A firm with an investment firm consolidation waiver must use this method. No otherBIPRU firm16 may use it. 16 |
GENPRU 2.2.19 R sets out three different methods of calculating capital resources for BIPRU firms16. The differences between the three methods relate to whether and how material holdings and illiquid assets are deducted when calculating capital resources. The method depends on whether a firm has an investment firm consolidation waiver. If a firm does have such a waiver, it should deduct illiquid assets, own groupmaterial holdings and certain contingent liabilities. If a firm does
A firm may include in a lower stage of capital, capital resources which are eligible for inclusion in a higher stage of capital if the capital resources gearing rules would prevent the use of that capital in that higher stage of capital. However:(1) the capital resources gearing rules applicable to that lower stage of capital apply to higher stage of capital included in that lower stage of capital; and(2) (subject to GENPRU 2.2.26 R and GENPRU 2.2.26A R)8 the rules in GENPRU governing
8In relation to the tier one capital resources of a BIPRU firm, calculated at stage F of the calculation in the capital resources table (Total tier one capital after deductions):(1) no more than 50% may be accounted for by hybrid capital;(2) no more than 35% may be accounted for by hybrid capital included at stages B2 and C of the calculation in the capital resources table; and (3) no more than 15% may be accounted for by hybrid capital included at stage C of the calculation in
The purpose of the requirements8 in GENPRU 2.2.29 R and GENPRU 2.2.30AR (1) is to ensure that the firm'stier one capital resources includes a minimum proportion of core tier one capital which provides the highest quality capital.8 Within the 50% limit on non-core tier one capital:88(1) 8GENPRU 2.2.30 R places a further sub-limit on the amount of innovative tier one capital that an insurer may include in its tier one capital resources; and(2) 8GENPRU 2.2.30AR (2) and GENPRU 2.2.30AR
GENPRU 2.2.44 R (and the capital resources gearing rules that relate to it) also applies for the purposes of any other requirement in the Handbook for which it is necessary to calculate the capital resources of a BIPRU firm, except for the purposes described in GENPRU 2.2.47 R and except as may otherwise be stated in the relevant part of the Handbook.
For the purpose of GENPRU 2.2.44 R:(1) the amount of the items which may be included in a BIPRU firm'stier two capital resources must not exceed the amount calculated at stage F of the calculation in the capital resources table (Total tier one capital after deductions); and(2) the amount of the items which may be included in a BIPRU firm'slower tier two capital resources must not exceed 50% of the amount calculated at stage F of the calculation in the capital resources table.
For the purposes of meeting:(1) the market risk capital requirement; (2) the concentration risk capital component; and(3) the fixed overheads requirement ;16a BIPRU firm may only use the following parts of its capital resources:(4) tier one capital to the extent that it is not required to meet the requirements in GENPRU 2.2.44 R (GENPRU 2.2.48 R explains how to calculate how much tier one capital is required to meet the requirements in GENPRU 2.2.44 R);(5) tier two capital to
The amount of tier one capital and tier two capital that is not used to meet the requirements in GENPRU 2.2.44 R as referred to in GENPRU 2.2.47R (4) and (5)(5) is equal to the amount calculated at stage N of the calculation in the capital resources table (Total tier one capital plus tier two capital after deductions) less the parts of the capital resources requirement deducted immediately after stage N of the capital resources table (the parts of the capital resources requirements
For the purpose of meeting the requirements in GENPRU 2.2.47R (1) to GENPRU 2.2.47R (3) and subject to GENPRU 2.2.50 R, a BIPRU firm must not include any item in either:(1) its tier two capital resources falling within GENPRU 2.2.47R (6) (excess tier two capital); or(2) its upper tier three capital resources;to the extent that the sum of (1) and (2) would exceed 250% of the amount resulting from the following calculation:(3) calculate the amount at stage F of the calculation in
This table belongs to GENPRU 2.2.51 G
Description of the stage of the capital resources calculation |
Stage in the capital resources table |
Amount (£) |
Total tier one capital after deductions 8 |
Stage F |
80 |
Total tier two capital 8 |
Stage K |
80 |
Deductions |
Stage M |
(20) |
Total tier one capital and tier two capital after deductions |
Stage N |
140 |
Upper tier three capital (this example assumes the firm has no lower tier three capital (trading book profits)) |
Stage Q |
50 |
Total capital resources |
Stage T |
190 |
This table belongs to GENPRU 2.2.55 G
Description of the stage of the capital resources calculation |
Stage in the capital resources table |
Amount (£) |
Total tier one capital and tier two capital after deductions |
Stage N |
140 |
Credit and counterparty1 risk requirement 16 |
(100) |
|
Tier one capital and tier two capital available to meet market risk requirement |
40 |
|
Stage Q |
50 |
|
Total capital available to meet market risk requirement |
90 |
|
Market risk requirement |
(90) |
|
Market risk requirement met subject to meeting gearing limit set out in GENPRU 2.2.49 R – see GENPRU 2.2.57 G |
In this example it is assumed that the maximum possible amount of tier one capital is carried forward to meet the market risk requirement. There are other options as to the allocation of tier one capital and tier two capital to the credit and counterparty1 risk requirement.1In order to calculate the relevant tier one capital for the upper tier three gearing limit in accordance with GENPRU 2.2.49 R it is first necessary to allocate tier one capital and tier two capital to the individual
8A building society may include a deferred share at stage A of the calculation in the capital resources table if (in addition to satisfying all the other requirements in relation to tier one capital) it is permanent share capital and is otherwise equivalent to an ordinary share in terms of its capital qualities, taking into account the specific constitution of building societies under the Building Societies Act 1986.
8A BIPRU firm must not include a capital instrument at stage B1 of the calculation in the capital resources table unless (in addition to satisfying all the other requirements in relation to tier one capital and hybrid capital) its contractual terms are such that:(1) it cannot be redeemed in cash but can only be converted into core tier one capital;(2) it must be converted into core tier one capital by the firm during emergency situations; (3) the emergency situations referred
8A BIPRU firm may include a capital instrument at stage B2 of the calculation in the capital resources table if (while satisfying all the other requirements in relation to tier one capital and hybrid capital)it cannot be included at stage B1 of that calculation as it does not satisfy the requirements of GENPRU 2.2.115A R.
8A BIPRU firm may include a capital instrument at stage C of the calculation in the capital resources table, and must not include it in stage B1 or B2 of that calculation, if (in addition to satisfying all the other requirements in relation to tier one capital and hybrid capital) it either:(1) is dated; or(2) provides an incentive for the firm to redeem it, as assessed at the date of its issue.
8A BIPRU firm must not include a capital instrument that is not a share at stage B1, B2 or C of the calculation in the capital resources table unless (in addition to satisfying all the other requirements in relation to tier one capital and hybrid capital) the firm's obligations under the instrument either:(1) do not constitute a liability (actual, contingent or prospective) under section 123(2) of the Insolvency Act 1986; or(2) do constitute such a liability but the terms of the
8A BIPRU firm must not include a capital instrument at stage B1, B2 or C of the calculation in the capital resources table unless (in addition to satisfying all the other requirements in relation to tier one capital and hybrid capital) its contractual terms provide for a mechanism within the instrument which:(1) is clearly defined and legally certain;(2) is disclosed and transparent to the market;(3) makes the recapitalisation of the firm more likely by adequately reducing the
8(1) 8An insurer may not include an innovative tier one instrument, unless it is a preference share, in its tier one capital resources unless it has obtained a properly reasoned independent legal opinion from an appropriately qualified individual confirming that the criteria in GENPRU 2.2.64R (6) (loss absorption) and GENPRU 2.2.80 R to GENPRU 2.2.81 R (Loss absorption) are met.(2) A BIPRU firm may not include a capital instrument at stage B1, B2 or C of the calculation in the
(1) Where a rule in this section says that a particular treatment applies to an item of capital that is subject to a step-up of a specified amount, the question of whether that rule is satisfied must be judged by reference to the cumulative amount of all step-ups since the issue of that item of capital rather than just by reference to a particular step-up.(2) Where a step-up arises through a change from paying a coupon on a debt instrument to paying a dividend on a share issued
(1) A firm may not include in its tier one capital resources a tier one instrument that is or may be subject to a step-up that does not meet the definition of moderate in the press release of the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision of 27th October 1998 called "Instruments eligible for inclusion in Tier 1 capital".(2) For the purpose of (1) the words in that press release "than, at national supervisory discretion, either" are replaced by "than the higher of the following two
The effect of GENPRU 2.2.147 R is that for inclusion in tier one capital resources, step-ups in instruments should be moderate. A moderate step-up for these purposes is one which results in an increase over the initial rate that is no greater than the higher of the following two amounts:(1) 100 basis points, less the swap spread between the initial index basis and the stepped-up index basis; or(2) 50% of the initial credit spread, less the swap spread between the initial index
Where the step-up involves a conversion from fixed to floating (or vice versa), or a switch in basis index, the swap spread should be fixed at pricing date, reflecting the differential in pricing between indices at the time. The significance of deducting the swap spread can be seen by the following example:(1) the pricing date:(a) 10 year gilts (G) = 5.5% (the initial index basis);(b) 3 month LIBOR is the stepped up index basis and the 10 year mid swap rate (L) = 5.9%;(c) initial
(1) Subject to (2), if a tier two instrument is or may be subject to a step-up that does not meet the definition of moderate in the press release of the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision referred to in GENPRU 2.2.147R (1) as adjusted under GENPRU 2.2.147R (2), the first date that a step-up can take effect is deemed to be its final maturity date if that date is before its actual maturity date.(2) If a tier two instrument:(a) is or may be subject to a step-up during the period
An instrument does not breach GENPRU 2.2.147 R or as the case may be, is not subject to a deemed maturity date under GENPRU 2.2.151 R, even though it is or may be subject to a step-up that exceeds the amount specified in those rules if:(1) the instrument is fungible with other instruments (the "existing stock") that are included in the firm'stier one capital resources (in the case of GENPRU 2.2.147 R) or tier two capital resources (in the case of GENPRU 2.2.151 R);(2) (if there
(1) A firm must not include in its tier one capital resources a potential tier one instrument that is or may become subject to a step-up if that step-up can arise earlier than the tenth anniversary of the date of issue of that item of capital.(2) A firm must not include in its tier two capital resources a capital instrument that is or may become subject to a step-up if that step-up can arise earlier than the fifth anniversary of the date of issue of that item of capital.
Intangible assets include goodwill as defined in accordance with the requirements referred to in GENPRU 1.3.4 R (General requirements: accounting principles to be applied) applicable to the firm. The treatment of deferred acquisition cost assets for BIPRU firms16 is dealt with in GENPRU 1.3 (Valuation); they should not be deducted as an intangible asset.16
Tier two capital resources are split into upper and lower tiers. A major distinction between upper and lower tier two capital is that, except as provided by GENPRU 2.2.26A R for BIPRU firms,8 only perpetual instruments may be included in upper tier two capital whereas dated instruments, such as fixed term preference shares and dated subordinated debt, may be included in lower tier two capital.
In relation to a tier two instrument, a firm must notify the appropriate regulator:(1) in the case of an insurer, six Months; and(2) in the case of a BIPRU firm, one Month;before it becomes committed to7 the proposed repayment (unless that firm intends to repay an instrument on its final maturity date). When giving notice, the firm must provide details of its position after such repayment in order to show how it will:777(3) meet its capital resources requirement; and7(4) have
(1) The purpose of GENPRU 2.2.177R (2) is to ensure that a firm which issues an item of capital with a coupon retains flexibility over the payments of such coupon and can preserve cash in times of financial stress. However, a firm may include, as part of the capital instrument terms, a right to make payments of a coupon mandatory if an item of capital becomes ineligible to form part of its capital resources (for example, through a change in the relevant rules) and the firm has
(1) This rule applies to a BIPRU firm.(2) A BIPRU firm must, in relation to equities held in the available-for-sale financial assets category:(a) deduct any net losses at stage E of the calculation in the capital resources table (Deductions from tier one capital); and(b) include any net gains (after deduction of deferred tax) in revaluation reserves at stage G of the calculation in the capital resources table (Upper tier two capital).(3) A BIPRU firm must include any net gains,
A BIPRU firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts under the IRB approach may include in its upper tier two capital resources positive amounts resulting from the calculation in BIPRU 4.3.8 R (Treatment of expected loss amounts), up to 0.6% of the risk weighted exposure amounts calculated under that approach.
A firm may include a capital instrument in its lower tier two capital resources if (in addition to meeting the requirements of the rules about eligibility for inclusion in tier two capital) either the holder has no right to repayment or it satisfies either of the following conditions:(1) it has an original maturity of at least five years; or(2) it is redeemable on notice from the holder, but the period of notice of repayment required to be given by the holder is five years or
(1) For the purposes of calculating the amount of a lower tier two instrument which may be included in a firm'scapital resources:(a) in the case of an instrument with a fixed maturity date, in the final five years to maturity; and(b) in the case of an instrument with or without a fixed maturity date but where five years' or more notice of redemption or repayment has been given, in the final five years to the date of redemption or repayment;the principal amount must be amortised
The amount of qualifying holdings that a bank or building society must deduct in the calculation in the capital resources table is:(1) (if the firm has one or more qualifying holdings that exceeds 15% of its relevant capital resources) the sum of such excesses; and(2) to the extent not already deducted in (1), the amount by which the sum of each of that firm'squalifying holdings exceeds 60% of its relevant capital resources.
The relevant capital resources of a firm mean for the purposes of this rule the sum of the amount of capital resources calculated at stages L (Total tier one capital plus tier two capital) and Q (Total tier three capital) of the calculation in the capital resources table as adjusted in accordance with the following:(1) the firm must not take into account the items referred to in any of the following:(a) GENPRU 2.2.190 R to GENPRU 2.2.193 R (surplus provisions); or(b) GENPRU 2.2.236
(1) Subject to (2) and (3), a material holding is:11(a) a BIPRU firm's holdings of shares and any other interest in the capital of an individual credit institution or financial institution (held in the non-trading book or the trading book or both) exceeding 10% of the share capital of the issuer, and, where this is the case, any holdings of subordinated debt of the same issuer are also included as a material holding; the full amount of the holding is a material holding; or11(b)
A material insurance holding means the holdings of a BIPRU firm of items of the type set out in GENPRU 2.2.213 R in any:(1) insurance undertaking; or(2) insurance holding company;that fulfils one of the following conditions:(3) it is a subsidiary undertaking of that firm; or(4) that firm holds a participation in it.
The amount to be deducted with respect to each material insurance holding is the higher of:(1) the book value of the material insurance holding; and(2) the solo capital resources requirement for the insurance undertaking or insurance holding company in question calculated in accordance with Part 3 of GENPRU 3 Annex 1 (Method 3 of the capital adequacy calculations for financial conglomerates).
(1) 3This paragraph gives guidance as to the amount to be deducted at Part 2 of stage M (Deductions from the totals of tier one and two) of GENPRU 2 Annex 2 (Capital resources table for a bank) and GENPRU 2 Annex 3 (Capital resources table for a building society) in respect of investments in subsidiary undertakings and participations (excluding any amount which is already deducted as material holdings or qualifying holdings).(2) The effect of those rules is to achieve the deduction
A BIPRU firm must deduct at stage M of the calculation in the capital resources table (Deductions from the totals of tier one and two) any reciprocal cross-holdings. However a BIPRU firm must not deduct such holdings to the extent that they fall to be deducted at Part 1 of stage M of the calculation in the capital resources table (Deductions for material holdings, qualifying holdings and certain other items).
A bank must not deduct any item as connected lending of a capital nature to the extent that it falls to be deducted at Part 1 of stage M of the calculation in the capital resources table (Deductions for material holdings, qualifying holdings and certain other items) or as a reciprocal cross-holding.
A BIPRU firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts under the IRB approach must deduct:(1) any negative amounts arising from the calculation in BIPRU 4.3.8 R (Treatment of expected loss amounts); and(2) any expected loss amounts2 calculated in accordance with BIPRU 4.7.12 R (Expected loss amounts under the simple risk weight approach to calculating risk weighted exposure amounts for exposures belonging to the equity exposureIRB exposure class) or BIPRU 4.7.17 R (Expected loss
(1) The treatment in the capital resources table of the deductions in GENPRU 2.2.238 R only has effect for the purpose of the capital resources gearing rules.(2) In other cases (3) and (4) apply.(3) A BIPRU firm making the deductions described in GENPRU 2.2.238 R must deduct 50% of the total amount of those deductions at stage E (Deductions from tier one capital) and 50% at stage J (Deductions from tier two capital) of the calculation in the capital resources table after the application
The alternative calculation in GENPRU 2.2.239R (3) to (4) is only relevant to BIPRU 11 (Pillar 3 disclosures) and certain reporting requirements under SUP. However the deduction of material holdings at Part 2 of stage E of the capital resources table in the case of a BIPRU firm16 with an investment firm consolidation waiver has effect for all purposes.16
A BIPRU firm may include subordinated debt in its upper tier three capital resources only if:(1) it has an original maturity of at least two years or is subject to at least two years' notice of repayment; and(2) payment of interest or principal is permitted only if, after that payment, the firm'scapital resources would be not less than its capital resources requirement.
A BIPRU firm's net interim trading book profits mean its net trading book profits adjusted as follows:(1) they are net of any foreseeable charges or dividends and less net losses on its other business; and(2) a firm must not take into account items that have already been included in the calculation of capital resources as part of the calculation of the following items:(a) interim net profits (see stage (A) of the capital resources table); or(b) interim net losses or material interim
Trading book profits and losses, other than those losses to which GENPRU 2.2.86R (2) (Valuation adjustment and reserves) refers, originating from valuation adjustments or reserves as referred to in GENPRU 1.3.29 R to 14GENPRU 1.3.35A G14 (Valuation adjustments or reserves) must be included in the calculation of net interim trading book profits and be added to or deducted from tier three capital resources.
(1) The excess trading book position is the excess of:(a) a bank or building society's aggregate net long (including notional) trading bookpositions in shares, subordinated debt or any other interest in the capital of credit institutions or financial institutions;over;(b) 25% of that firm'scapital resources calculated at stage T (Total capital after deductions) of the capital resources table (calculated before deduction of the excess trading book position).(2) Only the excess
The purpose of the base capital resources requirement for a BIPRU firm is to act as a minimum capital requirement or floor. It has been written as a separate requirement as there are restrictions in GENPRU 2.2 (Capital resources) on the types of capital that a BIPRU firm may use to meet the base capital resources requirement which do not apply to some other parts of the capital requirement calculation. In order to preserve the base capital resources requirement's role as a floor
This table belongs to GENPRU 2.1.40 R
Firm category |
Capital requirement |
||
BIPRU firm12(including collective portfolio management investment firm9) 129 |
the higher of (1) and (2): |
||
(1) |
the sum of: |
||
(a) |
the credit risk capital requirement; and |
||
(b) |
the market risk capital requirement; and |
||
(2) |
|||
When a3collective portfolio management investment firm9 calculates the credit risk capital requirement and the market risk capital requirement for the purpose of calculating the variable capital requirement under GENPRU 2.1.40 R it must do so only3 in respect of designated investment business. For this purpose managing an AIF or managing a UCITS9 is excluded from designated investment business.3939
For the purpose of GENPRU 2.1.53 R, and subject to GENPRU 2.1.55 R to GENPRU 2.1.57 R,a BIPRU firm's12 relevant fixed expenditure is the amount described as total expenditure in its most recent audited annual report and accounts, less the following items (if they are included within such expenditure):12(1) staff bonuses, except to the extent that they are guaranteed;(2) employees' and directors' shares in profits, except to the extent that they are guaranteed;(3) other appropriations
The relevant fixed expenditure of a firm in the following circumstances is:(1) where its most recent audited annual report and accounts do not represent a twelve month period, an amount calculated in accordance with GENPRU 2.1.54 R, pro-rated so as to produce an equivalent annual amount; and(2) where it has not completed twelve months' trading, an amount based on forecast expenditure included in the budget for the first twelve months' trading, as submitted with its application
A firm must adjust its relevant fixed expenditure calculation so far as necessary if and to the extent that since the date covered by the most recent audited annual report and accounts or (if GENPRU 2.1.55R (2) applies) since the budget was prepared:(1) its level of fixed expenditure changes materially; or(2) its regulated activities comprised within its permission change.
If a firm has a material proportion of its expenditure incurred on its behalf by third parties and such expenditure is not fully recharged to that firm then the firm must adjust its relevant fixed expenditure calculation by adding back in the whole of the difference between the amount of the expenditure and the amount recharged.
For the purpose of GENPRU 2.1.54 R to 2.1.57 R, fixed expenditure is expenditure which is inelastic relative to fluctuations in a firm's levels of business. Fixed expenditure is likely to include most salaries and staff costs, office rent, payment for the rent or lease of office equipment, and insurance premiums. It may be viewed as the amount of funds which a firm would require to enable it to cease business in an orderly manner, should the need arise. This is not an exhaustive
Where two or more banks merge, all of which individually have the benefit of GENPRU 2.1.60 R, the PRA may agree in certain circumstances that the base capital resources requirement for the bank resulting from the merger may be the sum of the aggregate capital resources of the merged banks, calculated at the time of the merger, provided this figure is less than €5 million.
For the purpose of GENPRU 2.1.60 R:(1) an existing controller of a bank means:(a) a person who has been a parent undertaking of that bank since 31 December 2006 or earlier; or(b) a person who became a parent undertaking of that bank after 31 December 2006 but who, when he became a parent undertaking of that bank, was a subsidiary undertaking of an existing controller of that bank;(2) the relevant amount of capital as referred to in GENPRU 2.1.60R (2)(a) is adjusted by identifying
BIPRU 7.10 provides details of when the appropriate regulator expects to allow a firm to use a VaR model (value at risk model) for the purpose of calculating part or all of its PRR. It introduces the concept of a VaR model, the methodology behind it and the link to the standard market risk PRR rules. It then goes on to detail the application and review process. The bulk of BIPRU 7.10 specifies the model standards and risk management standards that firms will be required to meet
(1) If a firm'sVaR model covers the calculation of PRR with respect to specific risk the firm must meet the VaR specific risk minimum requirements in addition to the other requirements of BIPRU 7.10.(2) The VaR model must explain the historical price variation in the portfolios concerned.(3) The VaR model must capture concentration in terms of magnitude and changes of composition of the portfolios concerned.(4) The VaR model must be robust to an adverse environment.(5) The VaR
Backtesting conducted only at a whole portfolio level using a single measure of profit and loss has limited power to distinguish an accurate VaR model from an inaccurate one. Backtesting should therefore be regarded as an additional safeguard rather than a primary validation tool. Such testing does however form the basis of the appropriate regulator'splus factor system. The test has been chosen as the basis of the backtesting regime because of its simplicity. A firm will therefore
The profit and loss figure3 for a particular business day is the firm's actual profit or loss for that day in respect of the trading activities within the scope of the firm'sVaR model permission, adjusted by stripping out:3(1) fees and commissions;(2) brokerage;(3) additions to and releases from reserves which are not directly related to market risk (e.g. administration reserves); and(4) any inception profit exceeding an amount specified for this purpose in the firm'sVaR model
The appropriate regulator will review as part of a firm'sVaR model permission application the processes and documentation relating to the derivation of profit and loss used for backtesting. A firm's documentation should clearly set out the basis for cleaning profit and loss. To the extent that certain profit and loss elements are not updated every day (for example certain reserve calculations) the documentation should clearly set out how such elements are included in the profit
A backtesting exception is deemed to have occurred for any business day if the hypothetical profit and loss figure3 for that business day shows a loss, which in absolute magnitude, exceeds the one-day VaR measure for that business day. The only exception is if that business day is identified in the firm'sVaR model permission as giving rise to an excluded backtesting exception.3
If a backtesting exception occurs, the firm must notify its usual supervisory contact at the appropriate regulator orally by close of business two business days after the business day for which the backtesting exception occurred. Within five business days following the end of each Month, the firm must submit to the appropriate regulator a written account of the previous Month'sbacktesting exceptions (if any). This explanation must include the causes of the backtesting exceptions,
(1) This paragraph gives guidance on the backtesting calculation and reporting process in BIPRU 7.10.96R - BIPRU 7.10.104R.(2) Let the day on which the loss referred to in BIPRU 7.10.100R is made be day n. The value-at-risk measure for that day will be calculated on day n-1, or overnight between day n-1 and day n. Profit and loss figures are produced on day n+1, and backtesting also takes place on day n+1. The firm's supervisor should be notified of any backtesting exceptions
(1) This paragraph gives guidance on the process for excluding backtesting exceptions as referred to in BIPRU 7.10.103R.(2) The appropriate regulator will respond flexibly to backtesting exceptions. However, the appropriate regulator's starting assumption will be that a backtesting exception should be taken into account for the purpose of the calculation of plus factors. If the firm believes that a backtesting exception should not count for that purpose, then it should seek a
A firm must perform backtesting against a hypothetical profit and loss figure3 with respect to each business day. A hypothetical profit and loss figure3 for a business day means the hypothetical profit and loss figure3 that would have occurred for that business day if the portfolio on which the VaR number for that business day is based remained unchanged.3333
(1) A hypothetical profit and loss figure3 is based on the day's change in the value of the same portfolio that was used to generate the value-at-risk forecast.3(2) [deleted]33(3) The firm may also need to calculate a hypothetical profit and loss figure3 in order to produce profit attribution reports and to analyse the cause of backtesting exceptions.3
Firms who gained model recognition before 1 January 2007 will be permitted to calculate PRR for specific risk in accordance with the methodology they were permitted to use immediately before that date instead of capturing event and default risk in their models (see BIPRU TP 14 (Market risk: VaR models)). This treatment will not be available to a firm that gains model recognition after that date.
A firm must, no later than the number of business days after the end of each quarter specified in the VaR model permission for this purpose, submit, in respect of that quarter, a report to the appropriate regulator about the operation of the VaR model, the systems and controls relating to it and any changes to the VaR model and those systems and controls. Each report must outline as a minimum the following information in respect of that quarter:(1) methodological changes and developments
The financial resources requirement for a firm carrying on one or more regulated activities in addition to operating an electronic system in relation to lending, is the higher of: (1) the financial resources requirement which is applied by this chapter; and (2) the financial resources or own funds
requirement which is applied by another rule or by directly applicable legislation of the EU to the firm.
On its accounting reference date in each year, a firm must calculate: (1) the total value of loaned funds outstanding on that date; and (2) the sum of: (a) 0.2% of the first £50 million of that total value; (b) 0.15% of the next £200 million of that total value; (c) 0.1% of the next £250 million of that total value; and (d) 0.05% of any remaining total value.
To determine a firm’sfinancial resources requirement for the period beginning on the date on which it obtains a Part 4A permission and ending on the day before its next accounting reference date, the firm must carry out the calculation in IPRU-INV 12.2.4R(2) on the basis of the total value of loaned funds the firm projects will be outstanding on the day before its next accounting reference date.
If the firm has 30,000 individuals each lending £100,000, the total value of the firm’s loaned funds outstanding is £3,000,000,000. If the firm does not carry on any other regulated activity to which another higher financial resources or own funds
requirement applies, its financial resources requirement is £1,900,000. This is calculated as follows: (1) 0.2% x £50,000,000 = £100,000; (2) 0.15% x £200,000,000 = £300,000; (3) 0.1% x £250,000,000 = £250,000;
The rules in GENPRU and BIPRU do not allow a firm that is a parent undertaking to incorporate the capital and requirements of a subsidiary undertaking in the calculation of that firm'scapital resources and capital resources requirement. A firm that wishes to incorporate a subsidiary undertaking for this purpose should therefore apply for a solo consolidation waiver.
(1) If a firm carrying on insurance mediation activity or home finance mediation activity1(and no other regulated activity) does not hold client money or other client assets in relation to these activities, its capital resources requirement is the higher of:1(a) £5,000; and(b) 2.5% of the annual income from its insurance mediation activity or home finance mediation activity1(or both).1(2) If a firm carrying on insurance mediation activity or home finance mediation activity1(and
(1) The capital resources requirement for a firm carrying on only2home financing, 1which is not connected to regulated mortgage contracts, 2or home financing1and home finance administration1 which is not connected to regulated mortgage contracts2 (and no other regulated activity) is the higher of:111111(a) £100,000; and(b) 1% of:(i) its total assets plus total undrawn commitments and unreleased amounts under the home reversion plan1; less:(ii) excluded loans or amounts 1plus intangible
When calculating total assets, the firm may exclude a loan or plan 1which has been transferred to a third party only if it meets the following conditions:(1) the first condition is that the loan or the plan 1has been transferred in a legally effective manner by:(a) novation; or(b) legal or equitable assignment; or(c) sub-participation; or(d) declaration of trust; and(2) the second condition is that the home finance provider1:1(a) retains no material economic interest in the loan
The capital resources requirement for a firm carrying on insurance mediation activity and home financing1 or home finance administration1 is the sum of : 11112(1) the capital resources requirement2 for a firm carrying on insurance mediation activity or home finance mediation activity1 (and no other regulated activity) (see MIPRU 4.2.11 R); and21(2) (a) in the case of a firm carrying on home financing which is not connected to regulated mortgage contracts, or home finance administration
(1) If a firm carrying on home finance mediation activity1 and home financing1 or home finance administration1 does not hold client money or other client assets in relation to itshome finance mediation activity1, the capital resources2 requirement is:1111112(a) in the case of a firm carrying on home financing which is not connected to regulated mortgage contracts or home finance administration which is not connected to regulated mortgage contracts, the amount applied to a firm
The capital resources requirement for a firm carrying on any combination of regulated activities which is not set out in MIPRU 4.2.10 R to MIPRU 4.2.21 R and MIPRU 4.2.23 R is: 211112(1) 2if the combination of regulated activities includes carrying on any home financing connected to regulated mortgage contracts or home finance administration connected to regulated mortgage contracts, the sum of the amounts which are applied to a firm under:(a) MIPRU 4.2.20R (1); and(b) MIPRU 4.2.23
2The capital resources requirement4for a firm carrying on any home financing which is connected to regulated mortgage contracts, or home financing and home finance administration which is connected to regulated mortgage contracts (and no other regulated activity), is the higher of:4(1) £100,000; and(2) the sum of: (a) the creditrisk capital requirement4calculated in accordance with MIPRU 4.2A; and4(b) 1% of:(i) its total assets plus total undrawn commitments and unreleased amounts
This section applies to a firm carrying on any home financing connected to regulated mortgage contracts or home financing and home financing administration connected to regulated mortgage contracts see 1MIPRU 4.2.23 R where it applies credit risk mitigation1 to the calculation of its risk weighted exposure amounts under MIPRU 4.2A (Credit risk capital requirement)1.11
(1) 1In calculating risk weighted exposure amounts, a maturity mismatch occurs where the residual maturity of the credit protection is less than that of the protected exposure.(2) Protection of less than three months residual maturity, the maturity of which is less than the maturity of the underlying exposure, must not be recognised.
(1) 1Proportional regulatory capital relief is afforded if:(a) the protected amount is less than the exposure value; and(b) the protected and unprotected portions are of equal seniority, i.e. the firm and the protection provider share losses on a pro-rata basis.(2) Under MIPRU 4.2A.9 R, MIPRU 4.2A.12 R, MIPRU 4.2A.17A R and MIPRU 4.2A.17B R, risk weighted exposure amounts must be calculated in accordance with the following formula:(E-GA) x r + GA x gwhere:(a) E is the exposure
1Where a firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts has more than one form of credit risk mitigation covering a single exposure: (1) it must divide the exposure into parts covered by each type of credit risk mitigation; and(2) the risk weighted exposure amount for each portion must be calculated separately in accordance with MIPRU 4.2A (Credit risk capital requirement).
The calculation of the consolidated capital resources requirement of a firm's UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group involves taking the individual components that make up the capital resources requirement on a solo basis and applying them on a consolidated basis. Those components are the capital charge for credit risk (the credit risk capital requirement), the capital charge for market risk (the market risk capital requirement), the capital charge for operational risk (the
A firm must calculate the consolidated capital resources requirement of its UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group as the higher of the following consolidated requirements components:33(1) the sum of the consolidated credit risk requirement and the consolidated market risk requirement; and3(2) the consolidated fixed overheads requirement. 3
A firm must calculate a consolidated requirement component by applying the risk capital requirement applicable to that consolidated requirement component to the UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group in accordance with BIPRU 8.7.13 R. Except where BIPRU 8.7.34 R to BIPRU 8.7.38 R allow the requirements of another regulator to be used, the risk capital requirement must be calculated in accordance with the appropriate regulator'srules. The risk capital requirement applicable
A firm may use a combination of the CCR standardised method, the CCR mark to market method and the CCR internal model method on a permanent basis with respect to the firm's UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group for the purposes of calculating the consolidated credit risk requirement. In particular, where the firm is permitted to apply the CCR internal model method on a consolidated basis with respect to its UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group, it may combine the
A firm may calculate the risk capital requirement for an institution in the firm'sUK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group that is an EEA firm in accordance with the CRD implementation measures in the EEA firm'sEEA State that correspond to the appropriate regulator'srules that would otherwise apply under this section if the institution is subject to those CRD implementation measures.
(1) 2This rule applies to a firm if:(a) an institution in its UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group is subject to any of the rules or requirements of, or administered by, a third-country competent authority applicable to its financial sector that correspond to the sectoral rules applicable to that financial sector (“corresponding sectoral rules”); or(b) a part of its UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group constitutes the whole of a group subject to the consolidated
Where the ratio of the value of the collateral (C) to the exposure value (E) is below a threshold level of C* (the required minimum collateralisation level for the exposure) as laid down in BIPRU 4.10.28 R, LGD* must be the LGD laid down in the other sections of BIPRU 4 for uncollateralised exposures to the counterparty. For this purpose, the exposure value of items listed in BIPRU 4.4.37 R to BIPRU 4.4.39 R and BIPRU 4.8.29 R must be calculated using a conversion factor or percentage
Table: Minimum LGD for secured portion of exposures
This table belongs to BIPRU 4.10.24 R - BIPRU 4.10.27 R
LGD* for senior claims or contingent claims |
LGD* for subordinated claims or contingent claims |
Required minimum collateralisation level of the exposure (C*) |
Required minimum collateralisation level of the exposure (C**) |
|
Receivables |
35% |
65% |
0% |
125% |
Residential real estate/commercial real estate |
35% |
65% |
30% |
140% |
Other collateral |
40% |
70% |
30% |
140% |
[Note: BCD Annex VIII Part 3 point 72 (part)]
(1) Where:(a) risk weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts are calculated under the IRB approach; and(b) an exposure is collateralised by both financial collateral and other eligible collateral;LGD* to be taken as the LGD for the purposes of the IRB approach must be calculated in accordance with this rule.(2) A firm must subdivide the volatility-adjusted value of the exposure (i.e. the value after the application of the volatility adjustment as set out in BIPRU 5.4.28
(1) This rule sets out how the calculations under BIPRU 5.6.29 R (Calculating risk-weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts for master netting agreements covering repurchase transactions and/or securities or commodities lending or borrowing transactions and/or other capital market driven transactions) must be modified under the IRB approach.(2) E* must be taken as the exposure value of the exposure to the counterparty arising from the transactions subject to the master
(1) This rule sets out how the calculations under BIPRU 5.4.28 R (Calculating adjusted values under the financial collateral comprehensive method) must be modified under the IRB approach.(2) E as referred to in the provisions listed in (1) is the exposure value as would be determined under the IRB approach if the exposure was not collateralised. For this purpose, where a firm calculates risk weighted exposure amounts under the IRB approach, the exposure value of the items listed
A firm must have clearly specified criteria for adjusting grades, pools or LGD estimates, and in the case of retail exposures and eligible purchased receivables, the process of allocating exposures to grades or pools, to reflect the impact of guarantees for the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts. These criteria must comply with the minimum requirements referred to in BIPRU 4.10.43 R.[Note: BCD Annex VII Part 4 point 101]
(1) This rule relates to the calculation of risk-weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts in the case of unfunded credit protection.(2) BIPRU 5.7.21 R (Tranching) applies for the purpose in (1).(3) The provisions in (4) replace those in BIPRU 5.7.22 R to BIPRU 5.7.25 R (Calculating risk weighted exposure amounts under the standardised approach in the case of unfunded credit protection).(4) For the covered portion of the exposure value E3 (based on the adjusted value
A firm must have in place sound, effective and comprehensive strategies, processes and systems:(1) to assess and maintain, on an ongoing basis, the amounts, types and distribution of financial resources, own funds and internal capital that it considers adequate to cover:(a) the nature and level of the risks to which it is, or might be, exposed;(b) the risk in the overall financial adequacy rule;(c) the risk that the firm might not be able to meet the obligations in Part Three
A firm must have internal methodologies that:(1) enable it to assess the credit risk of exposures to individual obligors, securities or securitisation positions and credit risk at the portfolio level;(2) do not rely solely or mechanistically on external credit ratings;(3) where its own funds requirements under Part Three of the EUCRR (Capital Requirements) are based on a rating by an ECAI or based on the fact that an exposure is unrated, enable the firm to consider other relevant
(1) A firm's financial resources and internal capital must be adequate for material market risk that are not subject to an own funds requirement under Part Three of the EUCRR (Capital Requirements).(2) A firm which has, in calculating own funds requirements for position risk in accordance with Part Three, Title IV, Chapter 2 of the EU CRR (Own funds requirements for position risk), netted off its positions in one or more of the equities constituting a stock-index against one
A firm must address the risk of excessive leverage in a precautionary manner by taking due account of potential increases in that risk caused by reductions of the firm'sown funds through expected or realised losses, depending on the applicable accounting rules. To that end, a firm must be able to withstand a range of different stress events with respect to the risk of excessive leverage.[Note: article 87(2) of CRD]
(1) As part of its obligation under the overall Pillar 2 rule, a firm that is a significant IFPRU firm must:(a) for the major sources of risk identified in line with IFPRU 2.2.7R(2), carry out stress tests and scenario analyses that are appropriate to the nature, scale and complexity of those major sources of risk and to the nature, scale and complexity of the firm's business; and(b) carry out the reverse stress testing under SYSC 20 (Reverse stress testing).(2) In carrying out
A firm must also allocate the total amount of financial resources, own funds and internal capital (referred to in this rule as "resources") identified as necessary under the overall Pillar 2 rule as applied on a consolidated basis or sub-consolidated basis between each firm which is a member of the FCA consolidation group on the following basis:(1) the amount allocated to each firm must be decided on the basis of the principles in IFPRU 2.2.53 R (2); and(2) if the process in (1)
The purpose of IFPRU 2.2.52 R to IFPRU 2.2.55 G is to enable the FCA to assess the extent, if any, to which a firm's assessment, calculated on a consolidated basis, is lower than it would be if each separate legal entity were to assess the amount of capital it would require to mitigate its risks (to the same level of confidence) were it not part of a group subject to consolidated supervision under Part One, Title II, Chapter 2 of the EUCRR (Prudential consolidation). The reason
If a firm has a current funding obligation in excess of normal contributions or there is a risk that such a funding obligation will arise then, when calculating available capital resources, it should reverse out any accounting deficit and replace this in its capital adequacy assessment with its best estimate, calculated in discussion with the scheme's actuaries or trustees, of the cash that will need to be paid into the scheme in addition to normal contributions over the foreseeable
A firm is expected to determine where the scope of any stress test impacts upon its pension obligation risk and estimate how the relevant measure of pension obligation risk will change in that scenario. For example, in carrying out stress tests under IFPRU 2.2.37 R, a firm must consider how a stress scenario, such as an economic recession, would impact on the firm's current obligations towards its pension scheme and any potential increase in those obligations. Risks such as interest-rate
(1) 4A firm must not treat a lifetime mortgage as an exposure fully and completely secured on residential property for the purposes of BIPRU 3.4.56 R unless the amount of the exposure is calculated according to the following formula:exposure amount =where:(a) P is the current outstanding balance on the lifetime mortgage;(b) i is the interest rate charged on the lifetime mortgage, which for the purposes of this calculation must not be lower than the discount rate referred to in
A firm may not treat an exposure as fully and completely secured by residential property located in the United Kingdom for the purpose of BIPRU 3.4.56 R or BIPRU 3.4.58 R unless the amount of the exposure or of the secured part of the exposure referred to in BIPRU 3.4.56 R or BIPRU 3.4.58 R, as the case may be, is 80% or less of the value of the residential property on which it is secured.
(1) The application of BIPRU 3.4.81 R may be illustrated by an example. If a firm has a mortgage exposure of £100,000 secured on residential property in the United Kingdom that satisfies the criteria listed in BIPRU 3.4.56 R to BIPRU 3.4.80 R and the value of that property is £100,000, then £80,000 of that exposure may be treated as fully and completely secured and risk weighted at 35%. The remaining £20,000 may be risk weighted at 75% provided the exposure meets the criteria
If an exposure is secured on property that is used in part for residential purposes in accordance with BIPRU 3.4.56 R and partly for commercial purposes (such as a farm, public house, guest house or shop) it may be treated as secured by residential real estate if the firm can demonstrate that the property's main use is, or will be, residential and that the value of the property is not significantly affected by its commercial use.
(1) Covered bonds means covered bonds as defined in paragraph (1) of the definition in the glossary (Definition based on Article 22(4) of the UCITS Directive) and collateralised by any of the following eligible assets:(a) exposures to or guaranteed by central governments, central bank, public sector entities, regional governments and local authorities in the EEA;(b) (i) exposures to or guaranteed by non-EEA central governments, non-EEAcentral banks, multilateral development banks,
If the appropriate regulator gives individual capital guidance to a firm, the appropriate regulator will state what amount and quality of capital the appropriate regulator considers the firm needs to hold in order to comply with the overall financial adequacy rule. It will generally do so by saying that the firm should hold capital resources of an amount which is 3at least equal to a specified percentage of that firm'scapital resources requirement plus one or more static add-ons
(1) Individual capital guidance may refer to two types of capital resources.(2) The first type is referred to as general capital. It refers to total tier one capital resources and tier two capital resources after deductions.(3) The second type is referred to as total capital. It refers to total tier one capital resources, tier two capital resources and tier three capital resources after deductions.
(1) In both of the cases in BIPRU 2.2.17 Gcapital resources should be calculated in the same way as they are in GENPRU 2.2 (Capital resources). This includes the rules limiting the amount of capital that can be included in the various tiers of capital when capital resources are being calculated.(2) GENPRU 2.2.42 R does not allow innovative tier one capital to count as tier one capital resources for certain purposes. This restriction does not apply for the purposes in BIPRU 2.2.17
4Where the appropriate regulator notifies a firm that it should hold a capital planning buffer, the notification will state what amount and quality of capital the appropriate regulator considers that is adequate for the firm to hold as such. This will normally be notified to the firm together with its individual capital guidance and expressed as a separate amount of capital resources that the firm should hold in excess of the amount of capital resources indicated as its individual
To assess its expected capital requirements over the economic and business cycles, a firm may wish to project forward its financial position taking account of its business strategy and expected growth according to a range of assumptions as to the state of the economic or business environment which it faces. For example, an ICAAP should include an analysis of the impact that the actions of a firm's competitors might have on its performance, in order to see what changes in its environment
A firm with an IRB permission must ensure that there is no significant risk that it will not be able to meet its capital resource requirements for credit risk under GENPRU 2.1 (Calculation of capital resources requirements) at all times throughout an economic cycle, including the capital resources requirements for credit risk indicated by any stress test carried out under BIPRU 4.3.39 R to BIPRU 4.3.40 R (Stress tests used in assessment of capital adequacy for a firm with an IRB
If BIPRU 2.2.41 R applies to a firm on a consolidated basis the following adjustments are made to BIPRU 2.2.41 R in accordance with the general principles of BIPRU 8 (Group risk - consolidation):(1) references to capital resources are to the consolidated capital resources of the firm'sUK consolidation group or, as the case may be, its non-EEA sub-group; and(2) references to the capital requirements in GENPRU 2.1 (Calculation of capital resources requirements) are to the consolidated
In relation to the use of an ECM (see BIPRU 2.2.27 G), the appropriate regulator is likely to place more reliance on a firm'sICAAP if the firm provides the following information:(1) a comparison of the amount of capital that the ECM generates in respect of each of the risks captured in the CRR before aggregation with the corresponding components of the CRR calculation; and(2) evidence that the guidance in BIPRU 2.2.71 G to BIPRU 2.2.78 G has been followed.
The FCA will not grant an investment firm consolidation waiver unless:(1) the UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group meets the conditions for being a CAD Article 22 group;(2) the FCA is satisfied that each BIPRU firm in the UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group will be able to meet its capital requirements using the calculation of capital resources in GENPRU 2 Annex 6R (Capital resources table for a BIPRU 2firm with a waiver from consolidated supervision); and(3) the
GENPRU 2.2 (Capital resources) says that a BIPRU firm1 with an investment firm consolidation waiver should calculate its capital resources on a solo basis using GENPRU 2 Annex 6 (Capital resources table for a BIPRU firm with a waiver from consolidated supervision). GENPRU 2 Annex 6 requires a BIPRU firm1 to deduct contingent liabilities in favour of other members of the UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group. Therefore BIPRU 8.4.9R (5)(b) only imposes the requirement to deduct
If a firm has an investment firm consolidation waiver, it must ensure that any financial holding company in the UK consolidation group or the non-EEA sub-group that is the UKparent financial holding company in a Member State of a CAD investment firm in the UK consolidation group or non-EEA sub-group has capital resources, calculated under BIPRU 8.4.12 R, in excess of the sum of the following (or any higher amount specified in the investment firm consolidation waiver):(1) the sum
A firm must calculate the capital resources of the parent financial holding company in a Member State for the purpose of BIPRU 8.4.11 R as follows:(1) the capital resources are the sum of capital resources calculated at stages D (Total tier one capital before deductions) and I (Total tier two capital) of the version of the capital resources table in GENPRU 2 Annex 4R(Capital resources table for a BIPRU 2firm deducting material holdings) as adjusted in accordance with this rule;(2)
(1) The following are excluded from a firm'sforeign currency PRR calculation:(a) foreign currency assets which have been deducted in full from the firm'scapital resources under the calculations under the capital resources table;(b) positions hedging (a);(c) positions that a firm has deliberately taken in order to hedge against the adverse effect of the exchange rate on the ratio of its capital resources to its capital resources requirement; and(d) transactions to the extent that
(1) This rule deals with positions in CIUs.(2) The actual foreign currencypositions of a CIU must be included in a firm'sforeign currency PRR calculation under BIPRU 7.5.1 R1.(3) A firm may rely on third party reporting of the foreign currencypositions in the CIU, where the correctness of this report is adequately ensured.(4) If a firm is not aware of the foreign currencypositions in a CIU, the firm must assume that the CIU is invested up to the maximum extent allowed under the
A firm must calculate its open currency position by:(1) calculating the net position in each foreign currency;(2) converting each such net position into its base currency equivalent at current spot rates;(3) summing all short net positions and summing all long net positions calculated under (1) and (2); and(4) selecting the larger sum (ignoring the sign) from (3).
A firm must calculate its net gold position by:(1) valuing all gold positions using the prevailing spot price for gold (regardless of the maturity of the positions);(2) offsetting long and short positions; and(3) converting the resulting net position into the base currency equivalent using the current spot foreign currency rate.
Subject to GENPRU 1.3.9 R to GENPRU 1.3.10 R and GENPRU 1.3.36 R, except where a rule in GENPRU, BIPRU or INSPRU provides for a different method of recognition or valuation, whenever a rule in GENPRU, BIPRU or INSPRU refers to an asset, liability, exposure, equity or income statement item, a firm must, for the purpose of that rule, recognise the asset, liability, exposure, equity or income statement item and measure its value in accordance with whichever of the following are applicable:(1)
Except where a rule in GENPRU, BIPRU or INSPRU makes different provision, GENPRU 1.3.4 R applies whenever a rule in GENPRU, BIPRU or INSPRU refers to the value or amount of an asset, liability, exposure, equity or income statement item, including:(1) whether, and when, to recognise or de-recognise an asset or liability;(2) the amount at which to value an asset, liability, exposure, equity or income statement item; and(3) which description to place on an asset, liability, exposure,
For the purposes of GENPRU, BIPRU or INSPRU, except where a rule in GENPRU, BIPRU or INSPRU provides for a different method of recognition or valuation:(1) when a firm, upon initial recognition, designates its liabilities as at fair value through profit or loss, it must always adjust any value calculated in accordance with GENPRU 1.3.4 R by subtracting any unrealised gains or adding back in any unrealised losses which are not attributable to changes in a benchmark interest rate;(2)
Wherever possible, a firm must use mark to market in order to measure the value of the investments and positions to which this rule applies under GENPRU 1.3.13 R and GENPRU 1.3.38 R to GENPRU 1.3.41 R. Marking to market is valuation (on at least a daily basis in the case of the trading book positions of a BIPRU firm) at readily available close out prices from independent sources.
(1) 4When marking to market, a firm must use the more prudent side of bid/offer unless the firm is a significant market maker in a particular position type and it can close out at the mid-market price.(2) 4When calculating the current exposure value of a credit risk exposure for counterparty credit risk purposes:(a) a firm must use the more prudent side of bid/offer or the mid-market price and the firm must be consistent in the basis it chooses; and4(b) where the difference between
The recognition of any gains or losses arising from valuations subject to GENPRU 1.3.13 R and GENPRU 1.3.38 R to GENPRU 1.3.41 R must be recognised for the purpose of calculating capital resources in accordance with GENPRU 1.3.14 R to GENPRU 1.3.34 R (Marking to market, Marking to model, Independent price verification, Valuation adjustments or, in the case of an insurer or a UK ISPV, valuation adjustments9 or reserves). However if GENPRU, BIPRU or INSPRU provide for another treatment
When calculating initial capital, a firm may include its audited retained earnings only after making the following adjustments: (1) a firm must not recognise the fair value reserves related to gains or losses on cash flow hedges of financial instruments measured at amortised cost; (2) in respect of a defined benefit occupational pension scheme, a firm must derecognise any defined benefit asset;
(3) a firm must not include any unrealised gains from investment
When calculating initial capital, a firm may includes its partners' capital only after making the following adjustments: (1) a firm must not recognise the fair value reserves related to gains or losses on cash flow hedges of financial instruments measured at amortised cost; (2) in respect of a defined benefit occupational pension scheme, a firm must derecognise any defined benefit asset;
(3) where applicable, a firm must deduct any asset in respect of deferred
The risk weighted exposure amounts must be calculated according to the formula:Risk-weighted exposure amount = 100% * exposure value except for when the exposure is a residual value of leased properties1 in which case it must1 be calculated as follows:1/t * 100% * exposure value;where t is the greater of 1 and the nearest number of whole years of the lease remaining.1[Note: BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 27]1
(1) Where exposures in the form of a CIU1 meet the criteria set out in BIPRU 3.4.121 R to BIPRU 3.4.122 R (Conditions for look through treatment under the standardised approach) and the firm is aware of all of the underlying exposures of the CIU, the firm must look through to those underlying exposures in order to calculate risk weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts in accordance with the methods set out in BIPRU 4.BIPRU 4.9.12 R applies to the part of the underlying
The expected loss amounts for exposures referred to in BIPRU 4.9.11 R - BIPRU 4.9.12 R must be calculated in accordance with the methods set out in BIPRU 4.4.61 R (Calculation of expected loss for sovereigns, institutions and corporates), BIPRU 4.5.12 R - BIPRU 4.5.14 R (Calculation of expected loss for specialised lending), BIPRU 4.6.47 R - BIPRU 4.6.48 R (Calculation of expected loss for retail exposures), BIPRU 4.7.12 R, BIPRU 4.7.17 R and BIPRU 4.7.26 R (Calculation of expected
Table: Items which are eligible to contribute to the financial resources of a firm
Item |
Additional explanation |
|||
1. |
Share capital |
This must be fully paid and may include: |
||
(1) |
ordinary share capital; or |
|||
(2) |
preference share capital (excluding preference shares redeemable by shareholders within two years). |
|||
2. |
Capital other than share capital (for example, the capital of a sole trader, partnership or limited liability partnership) |
The capital of a sole trader is the net balance on the firm's capital account and current account. The capital of a partnership is the capital made up of the partners': |
||
(1) |
capital account, that is the account: |
|||
(a) |
into which capital contributed by the partners is paid; and |
|||
(b) |
from which, under the terms of the partnership agreement, an amount representing capital may be withdrawn by a partner only if: |
|||
( i) he ceases to be a partner and an equal amount is transferred to another such account by his former partners or any person replacing him as their partner; or |
||||
(ii) the partnership is otherwise dissolved or wound up; and |
||||
(2) |
current accounts according to the most recent financial statement. |
|||
For the purpose of the calculation of financial resources, in respect of a defined benefit occupational pension scheme: |
||||
(1) |
a firm must derecognise any defined benefit asset; |
|||
(2) |
a firm may substitute for a defined benefit liability the firm'sdeficit reduction amount, provided that the election is applied consistently in respect of any one financial year. |
|||
3. |
Reserves (Note 1) |
These are, subject to Note 1, the audited accumulated profits retained by the firm (after deduction of tax, dividends and proprietors' or partners' drawings) and other reserves created by appropriations of share premiums and similar realised appropriations. Reserves also include gifts of capital, for example, from a parent undertaking. |
||
For the purposes of calculating financial resources, a firm must make the following adjustments to its reserves, where appropriate: |
||||
(1) |
a firm must deduct any unrealised gains or, where applicable, add back in any unrealised losses on debt instruments held, or formerly held, in the available-for-sale financial assets category; |
|||
(2) |
a firm must deduct any unrealised gains or, where applicable, add back in any unrealised losses on cash flow hedges of financial instruments measured at cost or amortised cost; |
|||
(3) |
in respect of a defined benefit occupational pension scheme: |
|||
(a) |
a firm must derecognise any defined benefit asset; |
|||
(b) |
a firm may substitute for a defined benefit liability the firm'sdeficit reduction amount, provided that the election is applied consistently in respect of any one financial year. |
|||
4. |
Interim net profits (Note 1) |
If a firm seeks to include interim net profits in the calculation of its financial resources, the profits have, subject to Note 1, to be verified by the firm's external auditor, net of tax, anticipated dividends or proprietors' drawings and other appropriations. |
||
5. |
Revaluation reserves |
|||
6. |
Subordinated loans/debt |
Subordinated loans/debt must be included in financial resources on the basis of the provisions in this chapter that apply to subordinated loans/debt. |
||
Note: |
||||
1 |
Reserves must be audited and interim net profits, general and collective provisions must be verified by the firm's external auditor unless the firm is exempt from the provisions of Part VII of the Companies Act 1985 (section 249A (Exemptions from audit)) or, where applicable, Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006 (section 477 (Small companies: Conditions for exemption from audit)) relating to the audit of accounts. |
|||
Table: Items which must be deducted in arriving at financial resources
1 |
Investments in own shares |
2 |
Investments in subsidiaries (Note 1) |
3 |
Intangible assets (Note 2) |
4 |
Interim net losses (Note 3) |
5 |
Excess of drawings over profits for a sole trader or a partnership (Note 3) |
Notes |
1. Investments in subsidiaries are the full balance sheet value. 2. Intangible assets are the full balance sheet value of goodwill, capitalised development costs, brand names, trademarks and similar rights and licences. 3. The interim net losses in row 4, and the excess of drawings in row 5, are in relation to the period following the date as at which the capital resources are being computed. |
IPRU-INV 12.3.5R can be illustrated as follows:
- (1)
Share Capital |
£20,000 |
Reserves |
£30,000 |
Subordinated loans/debts |
£10,000 |
Intangible Assets |
£10,000 |
As subordinated loans/debts (£10,000) are less than the total of share capital + reserves – intangible assets (£40,000) the firm need not exclude any of its subordinated loans/debts pursuant to IPRU-INV 12.3.5R. Therefore, total financial resources will be £50,000. |
|
Share Capital |
£20,000 |
Reserves |
£30,000 |
Subordinated loans/debts |
£60,000 |
Intangible Assets |
£10,000 |
As subordinated loans/debts (£60,000) exceed the total of share capital + reserves – intangible assets (£40,000) by £20,000, the firm should exclude £20,000 of its subordinated loans/debts when calculating its financial resources. Therefore, total financial resources will be £80,000. |
|
On its accounting reference date in each year, a firm must calculate:(1) the total value of its relevant debts under management outstanding on that date; and(2) the sum of:(a) 0.25% of the first £5 million of that total value;(b) 0.15% of the next £95 million of that total value; and(c) 0.05% of any remaining total value.
To determine a firm's prudential resources requirement for the period beginning on the date on which it obtains Part 4A permission and ending on the day before its next accounting reference date, the firm must carry out the calculation in CONC 10.2.5 R (2) on the basis of the total value of relevant debts under management the firm projects will be outstanding on the day before its next accounting reference date.
Activities carried on by a person acting as an insolvency practitioner (within section 388 of the Insolvency Act 1986 or, as the case may be, article 3 of the Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989) or by a person acting in reasonable contemplation of that person's appointment as an insolvency practitioner are excluded from the regulated activity of debt adjusting. A debt in relation to which a person is acting in such a capacity is, therefore, excluded from the calculation
In calculating the ‘fully adjusted exposure value’ (E*) for the exposures subject to an eligible master netting agreement covering repurchase transactions and/or securities or commodities lending or borrowing transactions and/or other capital market-driven transactions, a firm must calculate the volatility adjustments to be applied in the manner set out in BIPRU 5.6.6 R to BIPRU 5.6.11 R either using the supervisory volatility adjustments approach or the own estimates of volatility
E* must be calculated according to the following formula:E* = max {0, [(∑(E) -∑ (C)) + ∑ (|net position in each security| x Hsec) + (∑|Efx| x Hfx)]}where:(1) (where risk weighted exposure amounts are calculated under the standardised approach) E is the exposure value for each separate exposure under the agreement that would apply in the absence of the credit protection;(2) C is the value of the securities or commodities borrowed, purchased or received or the cash borrowed or received
The master netting agreement internal models approach1 is an alternative to using the supervisory volatility adjustments approach or the own estimates of volatility adjustments approach in calculating volatility adjustments for the purpose of calculating the ‘fully adjusted exposure value’ (E*) resulting from the application of an eligible master netting agreement covering repurchase transactions, securities or commodities lending or borrowing transactions and/or other capital
A firm may use the master netting agreement internal models approach independently of the choice it has made between the standardised approach and the IRB approach for the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts. However, if a firm uses the master netting agreement internal models approach, it must do so for all counterparties and securities, excluding immaterial portfolios where it may use the supervisory volatility adjustments approach or the own estimates of volatility
The fully adjusted exposure value (E*) for a firm using the master netting agreement internal models approach must be calculated according to the following formula:E* = max {0, [(∑E -∑C) + (VaR output of the internal models)]}where(1) (where risk weighted exposure amounts are calculated under the standardised approach) E is the exposure value for each separate exposure under the agreement that would apply in the absence of the credit protection;(2) C is the value of the securities