The purpose of this chapter is to provide further guidance to credit unions with a permission to accept deposits (see CRED 13.5) on the application of Senior management arrangements, Systems and Controls (SYSC), together with additional rules and guidance that are specific to credit unions.

1 SYSC 1 to SYSC 3 apply to all credit unions in respect of the carrying on of their regulated activities and unregulated activities in a prudential context. SYSC 183applies to all credit unions without restriction.2

The purposes of SYSC are:

1. (1)

   to encourage directors and senior managers to take appropriate practical responsibility for the credit union's arrangements on matters likely to be of interest to the FSA because they impinge on the FSA's function under the Act;

2. (2)

   to reinforce Principle 3, under which all firms including credit unions must take reasonable care to organise and control their affairs responsibly and effectively with adequate risk management systems;

3. (3)

   to encourage all firms, including credit unions, to vest responsibility for effective and responsible organisation in specific directors and senior managers.

SYSC contains a number of high level rules designed to have general application to all firms.

Specific guidance on how these rules, and the general guidance that accompanies them, apply to the particular circumstances of credit unions is set out below.

SYSC 3.1.2 G (3) states that detailed requirements regarding systems and controls relevant to particular types of firm may be covered elsewhere in the Handbook. This chapter includes all such specific requirements for credit unions.

SYSC 18 3reminds firms of the provisions of the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 and encourages them to consider adopting appropriate internal whistleblowing procedures. This applies equally to credit unions but is not the subject of further guidance in this chapter.

Under SYSC 2.1.1 R every firm is required to take reasonable care to maintain an appropriate apportionment of significant responsibilities among its directors and senior managers, so that it is clear who has those responsibilities and so the firm can be governed adequately.

In order to comply with the requirements, a credit union will need to be clear who is responsible for which significant matters within the credit union.

Among the significant responsibilities to be apportioned will be responsibility for:

1. (1)

   finance;

2. (2)

   lending;

3. (3)

   arrears control;

4. (4)

   money laundering reporting;

5. (5)

   complaints handling.

SYSC 2.1.3 R requires that the actual task of apportioning significant responsibilities to different people must itself be allocated by the credit union to one or more individuals to carry out. The task of overseeing the establishment and maintenance of the credit union's systems and controls would normally be allocated to the same individual or individuals. However, it would be possible to allocate the overseeing function to different individuals as long as this was appropriate.

Together these tasks are known as the apportionment and oversight function.

An individual to whom a function is allocated under SYSC 2.1.3 R will be performing the apportionment and oversight function (see CRED 6.3.8 G) and an application must be made to the FSA for approval of the individual before the function is performed (see CRED 13.7).

CRED 2.1.4 requires that the apportionment and oversight function must be allocated to the credit union'schief executive where there is one. 'Chief executive' in this context means an employee who alone, or jointly with others, is responsible under the immediate authority of the committee of management for the conduct of the whole business of the credit union. In smaller credit unions, this would include any manager or person who is entrusted with the whole of the day to day running of the credit union even if the title 'chief executive' is not used.

The apportionment and oversight function may be allocated to one or more members of the credit union's committee of management in addition to the chief executive, or where there is no chief executive (see also CRED 4.3.17 G).

The allocation of the apportionment and oversight function to one or two individuals is likely to be appropriate for most firms, including many credit unions. However, it would be possible to allocate the function to every member of the credit union's committee of management as long as that allocation remained appropriate.

If the allocation is to more than one person they may perform the apportionment and oversight function, or aspects of the function, separately. So, for example, one individual may have specific responsibility for the apportionment of responsibilities, whilst somebody else may have specific responsibility for overseeing the establishment and maintenance of the credit union's systems of control.

Under SYSC 2.2.1 R, all credit unions are required to maintain a record of the arrangements they have made to satisfy the requirements to apportion significant responsibilities and allocate the apportionment and oversight function. Where responsibilities have been allocated to more than one person, the record will need to show clearly how those responsibilities are shared or divided. These records must be retained for six years after being replaced by a more up-to-date record.

Most credit unions should be able to comply with the requirements of SYSC 2.2.1 R by means of records they already keep for their own purposes (for example, job descriptions, organisation charts, committee constitutions and terms of reference).

SYSC 3.1.1 R requires that every firm, including a credit union, takes reasonable care to establish and maintain such systems and controls as are appropriate to its business.

SYSC 3.1.1 R is a high level rule which allows firms to put in place the systems and controls that are appropriate and effective for their particular circumstances. What is appropriate for a particular credit union will depend upon such matters as the nature, scale, and complexity of its business, the volume and size of its transactions, and the level of risk associated with its operations.

A small version 1 credit union will not be expected to have the same systems and controls as a large version 2 credit union.

SYSC 3.2 deals with the areas to be covered by systems and controls. Guidance on how this applies to credit unions is provided below.

Guidance on business planning is given in CRED 4.3.61 G - CRED 4.3.68 G.

Guidance on documentation of policies and procedures is given in CRED 4.3.69 G - CRED 4.3.71 G.

Guidance on the documentation of systems of control is given in CRED 4.3.28 G - CRED 4.3.31 G.

The term 'internal audit function' in CRED 4.3.11 E refers to the generally understood concept of internal audit within a firm, that is, the function of assessing adherence to and the effectiveness of internal systems and controls, procedures and policies. The internal audit function is not a controlled function itself, but is part of the systems and controls function (CF28). 4Guidance on internal audit is given in CRED 4.3.50 G.-.CRED 4.3.60 G.

Guidance on segregation of duties is given in CRED 4.3.26 G - CRED 4.3.27 G.

Under Schedule 1 to the Credit Unions Act 1979, a credit union is required to have a committee of management. The committee of management should be competent to control the affairs of a credit union, and have an appropriate range of skills and experience having regard to the activities carried on by the credit union.

CRED 6.2 provides additional guidance for credit unions on the Statements of Principle for Approved Persons (see alsoAPER 2.1.2 P). In accordance with Statement of Principle 7, it is the responsibility of each individual member of the committee of management to understand, and ensure that the credit union complies with, the requirements of all the relevant Acts, secondary legislation, and rules.

As the credit union's governing body, the committee of management has responsibility for ensuring that the credit union complies with the requirements of SYSC 3.1.1 R (see CRED 4.3.1 GCRED 4.3.2 G). Accordingly, the committee of management has overall responsibility for the following matters:

1. (1)

   to establish objectives and formulate a business plan;

2. (2)

   to monitor the financial position of the credit union;

3. (3)

   to determine and document policies and procedures;

4. (4)

   to direct and coordinate the work of all employees and volunteers, and ensure that they are capable and properly trained;

5. (5)

   to maintain adequate reserves;

6. (6)

   to make provision for bad and doubtful debts;

7. (7)

   to recommend a dividend on shares to members subject to the credit union's financial position;

8. (8)

   to ensure that the credit union complies with all statutory and regulatory requirements;

9. (9)

   to ensure that the credit union complies with the requirements of its registered rules.

Where a committee of management has responsibility for these matters on a day to day basis (that is, they are not delegated to a chief executive or manager) it seems highly likely that each member of the committee would be performing the apportionment and oversight function, and would therefore require individual approval.

The committee of management should meet at least monthly.

Guidance on organisational arrangements is located in SYSC 3.2.2 G - SYSC 3.2.5 G.

A credit union should have clearly defined organisational arrangements and procedures. These arrangements and procedures should be properly documented.

Those credit unions that do not have a permanent place of business or permanent full-time staff should take particular care to ensure that their organisational arrangements are robust and clear.

The delegation of functions and tasks should take place within an appropriate framework. This should distinguish between those decisions reserved for the committee of management and those delegated to sub-committees, volunteers or employees.

There should be arrangements to supervise delegation. This should include establishing appropriate reporting mechanisms and procedures for monitoring.

Reporting lines should be clear and appropriate having regard to the nature, scale, and complexity of the credit union and its business.

SYSC 3.2.4 G specifically covers the issue of outsourcing. Guidance relevant to delegation within a credit union is also relevant to external delegation ("outsourcing"). A credit union cannot contract out its regulatory obligations, and remains ultimately responsible for any activities or functions that are outsourced. A credit union should therefore take reasonable care to supervise any outsourced activities, and obtain sufficient information to be able to assess the impact of outsourcing on its systems and controls.

CRED 4.3.13 E states that all credit unions should ensure appropriate segregation of duties. Duties should be segregated to prevent one individual from initiating, controlling, and processing a transaction (for example, approval and payment of an invoice).

Responsibilities of connected persons (for example, relatives and other close relationships) should be kept entirely separate. Such persons should not hold key posts at the same time. Where this is unavoidable, a credit union should have a written policy for ensuring complete segregation of duties and responsibilities.

CRED 4.3.9 R requires a credit union's system of control to be fully documented. The documentation helps the committee of management to assess if systems are maintained and controls are operating effectively. It also helps those reviewing the systems to ensure that the controls are those that have been authorised, and that they are adequate for their purpose.

The committee of management should determine the form of documentation to be adopted. Considerations should include the following:

1. (1)

   It should be comprehensive. It should cover all material aspects of the operations of the credit union.

2. (2)

   It should be integrated. Separate elements of the system should be cross referred so that the system can be viewed as a whole.

3. (3)

   It should identify risks, and the controls established to manage those risks. The controls should be identified and their purpose defined so that their effectiveness can be evaluated.

4. (4)

   There should be named persons or posts for each control function, and alternatives in case of absence.

5. (5)

   It should state how the operation of the control is evidenced. Evidence might include signatures, records and registers, retention of control documents.

6. (6)

   It should be unambiguous. Instructions should be clear and precise, avoiding expressions such as "normally" and "if possible".

7. (7)

   It should be practical. The separate elements should have a practical role in the review and improvement of systems.

8. (8)

   It should be up to date. There should be an accurate description of the function that the control is to address. When changes are made to the function, the appropriate systems of control need to be updated and documented at the same time.

9. (9)

   The committee of management should, from time to time, seek confirmation that the systems of control are being complied with.

Documentation should not be restricted to "lower level" controls applied in processing transactions, but should also cover "high level" controls including:

1. (1)

   powers to be exercised only by the committee of management, and powers delegated to others;

2. (2)

   the purpose, composition and reporting lines of sub-committees, and senior managers to whom responsibilities are delegated;

3. (3)

   the specific roles and responsibilities of individual officers;

4. (4)

   the timing, form and purpose of meetings of the committee of management and sub-committees, and the way in which policies and decisions are recorded and their implementation monitored.

The documentation of IT controls should be integrated within the overall documentation of a credit union's system of control.

SYSC 3.2.20 R requires that a credit union takes reasonable care to make and retain adequate records of all matters governed by the Act, secondary legislation under the Act, or rules (including accounting records). These records must be capable of being reproduced in the English language and on paper.

A credit union should have appropriate systems in place to fulfil its obligations with respect to adequacy, access, periods of retention, and security of records.

The main reasons why a credit union should maintain adequate accounting and other records are:

1. (1)

   to provide the committee of management with adequate financial and other information to enable them to conduct its business in a prudent manner on a day-to-day basis;

2. (2)

   to safeguard the assets of the credit union and the interests of members and persons too young to be members (see CRED 7.3.2 G);

3. (3)

   to assist officers of the credit union to fulfil their regulatory and statutory duties in relation to the preparation of annual accounts;

4. (4)

   to provide the committee of management with sufficient timely and accurate information to assist them to submit the information required or requested by the FSA.

When forming their opinion of whether the accounting and other records are adequate, the committee of management should satisfy themselves that they capture and record on a timely basis, and in an orderly fashion, every transaction. They should provide sufficient information in respect of each transaction to explain:

1. (1)

   its nature and purpose;

2. (2)

   the asset or liability, actual and contingent, which arises (or may arise) from it;

3. (3)

   the income or expenditure, current and deferred, which arises from it.

The committee of management must be satisfied that the records are maintained in an integrated and orderly manner to disclose, with reasonable accuracy and promptness, the state of the business at any time.

SYSC 3.2.6 R requires all credit unions to take reasonable care to establish and maintain effective systems and controls for compliance with all regulatory requirements (in other words, the relevant Acts, secondary legislation, and rules) and for countering the risk of financial crime.

3 SYSC 3.2.6A R and requiresa credit union to ensure that these systems and controls:

1. (1)

   enable it to identify, assess, monitor and manage money laundering risk; and

2. (2)

   are comprehensive and proportionate to the nature, scale and complexity of that credit union's activities.

3'Money laundering risk' is the risk that a credit union may be used to further money laundering. Failure by a credit union to manage this risk effectively will increase the risk to society of crime and terrorism.

3 SYSC 3.2.6C R requires a credit union to carry out regular assessments of the adequacy of these systems and controls to ensure that they continue to meet this requirement.

3A credit union may also have separate obligations to comply with relevant legal requirements, including the Terrorism Act 2000, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 and the Money Laundering Regulations. SYSC 3.2.6 R to 3.2.6J G are not relevant guidance for the purposes of regulation 3(3) of the Money Laundering Regulations, section 330(8) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 or section 21A(6) of the Terrorism Act 2000.

3The FSA, when considering whether a breach of its rules on systems and controls against money laundering has occurred, will have regard to whether a credit union has followed relevant provisions in guidance for the UK financial sector issued by the Joint Money Laundering Steering Group.

3In identifying its money laundering risk and in establishing the nature of these systems and controls, a credit union should consider a range of factors, including:

1. (1)

   its customer, product and activity profile;

2. (2)

   its distribution channels;

3. (3)

   the complexity and volume of its transactions;

4. (4)

   its processes and systems; and

5. (5)

   its operating environment.

3A credit union should ensure that these systems and controls include:

1. (1)

   appropriate training for that credit union's employees in relation to money laundering;

2. (2)

   appropriate provision of information to that credit union'sgoverning body and senior management, including a report at least annually by that credit union'smoney laundering reporting officer on the operation and effectiveness of those systems and controls;

3. (3)

   appropriate documentation of that credit union's risk management policies and risk profile in relation to money laundering, including documentation of that credit union's application of those policies (see SYSC 3.2.20 R to SYSC 3.2.22 G);

4. (4)

   appropriate measures to ensure that money laundering risk is taken into account in the day-to-day operation of that credit union, including in relation to:

   1. (a)

      the development of new products;

   2. (b)

      the taking-on of new customers; and

   3. (c)

      changes in its business profile; and

5. (5)

   appropriate measures to ensure that procedures for identification of new customers do not unreasonably deny access to that credit union's services to potential customers who cannot reasonably be expected to produce detailed evidence of identity.

3 SYSC 3.2.6H R requires a credit union to allocate to a director or senior manager (who may also be the money laundering reporting officer) overall responsibility within the credit union for the establishment and maintenance of effective anti-money laundering systems and controls.

3 SYSC 3.2.6I R requires a credit union to:

1. (1)

   appoint a money laundering reporting officer, who shall be responsible for oversight of that credit union's compliance with the FSA'srules on systems and controls against money laundering; and

2. (2)

   ensure that its money laundering reporting officer has a level of authority and independence within that credit union and access to resources and information sufficient to enable him to carry out that responsibility.

3The job of the money laundering reporting officer within a credit union is to act as the focal point for all activity within that credit union relating to anti-money laundering. The FSA expects that a credit union'smoney laundering reporting officer will be based in the United Kingdom.

3Depending on the nature, scale and complexity of its business, it may be appropriate for a credit union to have a separate compliance function. The organisation and responsibilities of a compliance function should be documented. A compliance function should be staffed by an appropriate number of competent staff who are sufficiently independent to perform their duties objectively. It should be adequately resourced and should have unrestricted access to the credit union's relevant records as well as ultimate recourse to its governing body.

Guidance on compliance is located in 3SYSC 3.2.8 R3 - SYSC 3.2.9 G.

SYSC 3.2.8 R is unlikely to be relevant to a credit union as it is relevant only to firms carrying on designated investment business.

Some important compliance issues include:

1. (1)

   insurance against fraud and dishonesty;

2. (2)

   arrangements for the prevention, detection and reporting of money laundering;

3. (3)

   establishing and maintaining a satisfactory system of control;

4. (4)

   keeping proper books of account;

5. (5)

   computation and application of profits;

6. (6)

   investment of surplus funds;

7. (7)

   capital requirements;

8. (8)

   liquidity requirements;

9. (9)

   limits on shares and loans;

10. (10)

    maintenance of membership records;

11. (11)

    submission of financial reports to the regulator;

12. (12)

    approved persons regime;

13. (13)

    payment of regulatory fees.

Guidance on management information is located in SYSC 3.2.11 GSYSC 3.2.12 G.

A credit union should maintain information systems to enable the committee of management to direct and control the credit union's business effectively, and to provide the information required by the FSA.

The committee of management should be satisfied that:

1. (1)

   the information available is sufficient for the proper assessment of the potential risks for the credit union, and in order to determine its need for capital and liquidity;

2. (2)

   the information available is sufficiently comprehensive to provide a clear statement of the performance and financial position of the credit union;

3. (3)

   management information reports are prepared with sufficient frequency;

4. (4)

   sufficient attention is focused on key factors affecting income and expenditure and that appropriate performance indicators are employed;

5. (5)

   actual performance is compared with planned and prior performance.

In forming a view on whether the management information system is sufficiently comprehensive, the committee of management should consider whether, where relevant, the substance of reports provides a clear statement of:

1. (1)

   the capital position;

2. (2)

   the liquidity position;

3. (3)

   profits and losses, assets and liabilities, and flow of funds;

4. (4)

   loans, arrears, and provisions.

The matters listed in CRED 4.3.44 G should be compared against limits, ratios and other parameters set by the committee of management, as well as regulatory requirements.

Information reported to the FSA should be accurate and timely. Credit unions are required to complete returns as set out in CRED 14.10, and submit them within the specified timetable. Returns should be reviewed prior to their submission to the FSA at a sufficiently senior level. The review should check for consistency between different returns, between various tables on the same return, and between information prepared for the committee of management.

Guidance on employees and agents is located in SYSC 3.2.13 G - SYSC 3.2.14 G.

A credit union should identify present and future staffing requirements (including volunteers and paid staff) and make appropriate plans for their recruitment and training.

A credit union should have appropriate systems and controls in place to satisfy itself as to the suitability of its staff, including the competence and honesty of such staff. Any assessment of suitability should take into account the nature of the position and the level of responsibility that the individual would hold.

CRED 4.3.11 E states that a credit union should have an internal audit function (see also CRED 4.3.12 G)4.

Guidance on internal audit and audit committees (otherwise known as the supervisory committee) is located in SYSC 3.2.15 G - SYSC 3.2.16 G.

Depending upon the scale and nature of the credit union's activities, it may be appropriate for the audit committee to delegate the task of monitoring the effectiveness and appropriateness of its systems and controls to an employee or other third party.

The purposes of an internal audit are:

1. (1)

   to ensure that the policies and procedures of the credit union are followed;

2. (2)

   to provide the committee of management with a continuous appraisal of the overall effectiveness of the control systems, including proposed changes;

3. (3)

   to recommend improvements where desirable or necessary;

4. (4)

   to determine whether the internal controls established by the committee of management are being maintained properly and operated as laid down in the policy, and comply with relevant Acts, secondary legislation, rules, policies and procedures;

5. (5)

   to ensure that accounting records are prepared promptly and accurately, and that they are in order;

6. (6)

   to assess whether financial and operating information supplied to the committee of management is accurate, pertinent, timely, and complete.

The internal audit function (see CRED 4.3.12 G)4 should develop an audit plan, covering all aspects of the credit union's business. The audit plan should identify the scope and frequency of work to be carried out in each area. Areas identified as higher risk should be covered more frequently. However, over a set time frame (likely to be one year) all areas should be covered. Care should be taken to avoid obvious patterns of checking.

The internal audit work programme should include items such as:

1. (1)

   verification of cash (counting and reconciliation) without prior notification;

2. (2)

   bank reconciliation (checking records against bank statements);

3. (3)

   verification of passbooks or account statements;

4. (4)

   checking for compliance with policies and procedures;

5. (5)

   checking for compliance with relevant Acts, secondary legislation and rules;

6. (6)

   checking minutes and reports of the committee of management and other sub-committees for compliance, and assessing regularity and completeness;

7. (7)

   checking loan applications;

8. (8)

   verification of the credit union's assets and investments.

The key elements of a satisfactory system of internal audit include the following:

1. (1)

   Terms of reference. These should be specified with precision and include, amongst other things, scope and objectives of the audit committee and the internal audit function (see CRED 4.3.12 G)4, access to records, powers to obtain information and explanations for officers, and reporting requirements. These should be approved by the committee of management.

   4
2. (2)

   Risk analysis. Key risks in each area of the credit union's business should be identified. The adequacy of the specific controls put in place to address those risks should be assessed.

3. (3)

   Internal audit plan. This should be developed on the basis of the risk analysis.

4. (4)

   Detailed programmes. These should be based on the internal audit plan, together with the controls and their objectives specified in the control documentation. Each programme should be comprehensive, specifying the frequency with which the various parts of the programme are to be carried out and how the work is to be performed.

5. (5)

   Working papers. These should be maintained to evidence who performed the work, how it was controlled and supervised, and to record the conclusions reached. They should be cross referenced to reports made and action taken.

6. (6)

   System of reporting. Formal reports should be submitted at the completion of each aspect of programmed work, stating the areas covered together with any recommendations and conclusions reached.

The internal audit function (see CRED 4.3.12 G)4 should be independent of all of the functions it inspects.

The committee of management should be satisfied that the status and reporting relationship of the chair of the audit committee is sufficient to maintain the independence and objectivity of the function.

The qualifications, experience and training of individuals performing the internal audit function (see CRED 4.3.12 G)4 should be adequate in relation to its objectives.

The committee of management should be satisfied that the internal audit function (see CRED 4.3.12 G)4 is being properly carried out. In order to review the overall effectiveness of the internal audit function4 it should consider the following:

1. (1)

   the adequacy and scope of planning;

2. (2)

   the adequacy and scope of work performed in relation to the plans and programmes;

3. (3)

   the regularity and level of reporting on matters arising from the inspections;

4. (4)

   the disposal of points and recommendations raised, and reasons for the rejection of any major points;

5. (5)

   a review of the overall effectiveness of the internal audit function4.

   4

CRED 4.3.5 R requires that a credit union maintains a current business plan.

Version 2 credit unions should submit a copy of their business plan to the FSA. A version 2 credit union making any significant changes to the business plan should provide the FSA with a copy of the amended plan as soon as possible after it has been adopted.

Guidance on business strategy is located in SYSC 3.2.17 G.

The committee of management should have a satisfactory planning system to provide a framework for growth and development of the credit union, and to enable it to identify, measure, manage and control risks of regulatory concern.

The business plan should cover a period of three years from the current financial year, that is to say, the remainder of the current financial year and the two following financial years2.

The planning system should be defined clearly, documented appropriately, and planning related tasks and decision making responsibilities allocated clearly within the credit union.

The conclusions, recommendations, projections and assumptions set out in the business plan should be supported by analysis, based on adequate data, and properly documented for comparison with actuals.

The committee of management should consider the range of possible outcomes in relation to various risks. These risks are increased when a credit union provides ancillary services like issuing and administering means of payment and money transmission, which result, in particular, in higher liquidity and operational risks.1

CRED 4.3.7 R requires that a credit union maintains a manual of its policies and procedures.

Version 2 credit unions should submit a copy of their policy and procedures manual to the FSA. A version 2 credit union making any significant changes to their policies or procedures should provide the FSA with a copy of the amended manual as soon as possible after it has been adopted.

The policy and procedures manual should cover all aspects of the credit union's operations, including matters such as:

1. (1)

   cash handling and disbursements;

2. (2)

   collection procedures;

3. (3)

   lending - including large exposures (see CRED 10.1 - CRED 10.5);

4. (4)

   arrears management (see CRED 10.2.8 G - CRED 10.2.9 G);

5. (5)

   provisioning (see CRED 10.5);

6. (6)

   liquidity management (see CRED 9);

7. (7)

   financial risk management (see CRED 7);

8. (8)

   money laundering prevention (see CRED 4.3.37 G and SYSC 3.23);

   3
9. (9)

   internal audit (see CRED 4.3.50 G - CRED 4.3.60 G);

10. (10)

    information technology (see CRED 4.3.31 G);

11. (11)

    business continuity - otherwise known as disaster recovery (see CRED 4.3.72 G - CRED 4.3.74 G);

12. (12)

    marketing;

13. (13)

    training;

14. (14)

    connected persons and managing conflicts of interest (see CRED 4.3.27 G);

15. (15)

    complaints handling (see CRED 17).

Guidance on business continuity is located in SYSC 3.2.19 G.

A credit union should put in place contingency arrangements to ensure that it could continue to operate and meet its regulatory requirements in the event of an unforeseen interruption that may otherwise prevent the credit union from operating normally. (For example, if there was a complete failure of IT systems or if the premises were destroyed by fire).

Business continuity arrangements should be reviewed and tested regularly in order to ensure their effectiveness.