1This Guide explains the FCA's policy on how it will use its powers under the Unfair Terms Regulations (the Regulations).

We have agreed with the Office of Fair Trading ('OFT') that the FCA will consider the fairness (within the meaning of the Regulations) of financial services contracts for carrying on any regulated activity.

The OFT will consider the fairness of other financial services contracts which involve activities governed by the Consumer Credit Act 1974. This includes second-charge mortgage loans, buy-to-let mortgages, and non-mortgage personal loans (including credit cards). Also, where the firm concerned is not a firm or an appointed representative, the OFT may take enforcement action under the Regulations in respect of financial services contracts involving the carrying on of regulated activities (see EG 10.16 and 10.17).

This Guide applies to:

1. (1)

   firms;

2. (2)

   appointed representatives; and

3. (3)

   other persons, whether or not a person with permission, who use, or recommend the use of, contracts to carry on regulated activities.

This Guide uses "firm" to refer to all such persons.

This Guide explains the FCA's formal powers under the Regulations. It does not contain comprehensive guidance on the Regulations themselves, and you should refer to those Regulations for further details.

This Guide also provides guidance on the approach we take before considering whether to exercise our formal powers under the Regulations.

The FCA has powers as a qualifying body under the Regulations. The Regulations are not made under the Act, but, under the Regulations our functions are treated as functions under the Act. This:

1. (1)

   makes the statutory objectives relevant to forming policy that governs the discharge of our functions under the Regulations;

2. (2)

   means that any complaints about the FCA's activities under the Regulations can be referred to the Complaints Commissioner;

3. (3)

   allows the FCA to make full use of its information disclosure powers;

4. (4)

   allows the FCA to use its power to give guidance;

5. (5)

   protects the FCA against liability in damages in respect of its activities under the Regulations; and

6. (6)

   allows the FCA to raise fees to fund its activities under the Regulations.

1. (1)

   As such, we publish on our website details of cases that result in a change in the contract terms used by the firm. This may happen through either an undertaking by a firm or injunction obtained from the courts.

2. (2)

   Under regulation 14 of the Regulations the FCA has a duty to pass details of these cases to the OFT.

3. (3)

   The OFT also publishes details of cases that it, and other qualifying bodies, have dealt with in accordance with the OFT's duties under regulation 15 of the Regulations.

1. (1)

   The Regulations apply, with certain exceptions, to terms in contracts concluded between a seller or supplier and a consumer which have not been individually negotiated.

2. (2)

   Terms cannot be reviewed for fairness within the meaning of the Regulations if they are terms which reflect:

   1. (a)

      mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions; or

   2. (b)

      the provisions or principles of international conventions to which the EEA States or the EU1 as a whole are party.

3. (3)

   Terms written in plain, intelligible language cannot be reviewed for fairness within the meaning of the Regulations if the terms relate to:

   • the definition of the main subject matter of the contract; or
   • the adequacy of the price or remuneration, as against the goods or services supplied in exchange.

   However, we can review terms concerning these matters for fairness within the meaning of the

   Regulations if they are not written in plain, intelligible language. We do not consider that it is enough that a lawyer could understand the term for it to be excluded from such a review. The term must be plain and intelligible to the consumer.

Terms are regarded as unfair if, contrary to the requirement of good faith, they cause a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations to the detriment of the consumer.

1. (1)

   Under regulation 13 we have the power to request, for certain purposes:

   '(a) a copy of any document which that person has used or recommended for use, [...] as a pre-formulated standard contract in dealings with consumers;

   (b) information about the use, or recommendation for use, by that person of that document or any other such document in dealings with consumers.'

1. (1)

   Unless the case is urgent, we will generally first write to a firm to express our concern about the potential unfairness of a term or terms (within the meaning of the Regulations) and will invite the firm to comment on those concerns. If we still believe that the term is unfair, we will normally ask the firm to stop including the term in new contracts and to stop relying on it in any concluded contracts. If the firm either declines to give an undertaking, or gives an undertaking but fails to follow it, the FCA will consider the need to apply to the courts for an injunction under regulation 12.

2. (2)

   In deciding whether to ask a firm to undertake to stop including a term in new contracts and to stop relying on it in concluded contracts, we will consider the full circumstances of each case. Several factors may be relevant for this purpose and the following list is not exhaustive, but will give some indication of the sorts of things we consider:

   1. (a)

      whether we are satisfied that the contract term may properly be regarded as unfair within the meaning of the Regulations;

   2. (b)

      the extent and nature of the detriment to consumers resulting from the term or the potential harm which could result from the term;

   3. (c)

      whether the firm has fully cooperated with the FCA in resolving our concerns about the fairness of the particular contract term.

Regulation 12 states that:

'(1) The [OFT] or [...] any qualifying body may apply for an injunction (including an interim injunction) against any person appearing to them to be using, or recommending the use of, an unfair term drawn up for general use in contracts concluded with consumers'.

'(3) The court, on an application under this regulation, may grant an injunction on such terms as it thinks fit.'

The FCA is a qualifying body for the purposes of regulation 12. Our approach to seeking an injunction under the Regulations is set out in Chapter 10 of EG.

Regulation 8 states that an unfair term is not binding on the consumer but that the contract will continue to bind the parties if it is capable of continuing in existence without the unfair term. Therefore, if the court finds that the term in question is unfair, the firm would have to stop relying on the unfair term in existing contracts governed by the Regulations.

The FCA may consider the fairness of a contract within the meaning of the Regulations following a complaint from a consumer or other person or on its own initiative if the contract is within its scope.

There are three main ways in which we might receive a complaint from a consumer or other person. These are:

1. (1)

   directly; or

2. (2)

   from another qualifying body which considers that the FCA should deal with the complaint; or

3. (3)

   from the OFT.

1. (1)

   The main way in which we would act on our own initiative is to undertake a review of contracts in a particular area of business. This might involve looking at the contract terms used by several firms in a particular sector.

2. (2)

   We will, for example, consider launching such a review if multiple consumer contract complaints or other intelligence lead us to believe that under the Regulations there may be a contractual issue of wider significance to firms and consumers.

If, following either a complaint or an own-initiative review, we consider that a term in a contract is unfair, we may challenge firms about their use of that term.

1. (1)

   The FCA will consider using its powers under the Regulations in the context of its wider regulatory powers under the Act.

2. (2)

   In some cases, it might be appropriate for us to use other powers to deal with issues identified under the Regulations. The powers available to the FCA under the Act may vary depending on the regulated activities which the firm carries out. For example, the use of the unfair term might involve a breach of a Principle or a rule in COBS, MCOB or ICOBS1. If so, the FCA might also address the issue as a rule breach.

   1
3. (3)

   We may, in some circumstances, consider treating the matter under our powers in the Act itself and also under the Regulations.

4. (4)

   However, the use of our powers under the Act will not be possible in all cases where a firm has used an unfair term. If we consider using an enforcement power under the Act, we will do so in accordance with the policy relating to that power as set out in EG.

1. (1)

   Where a firm has given an undertaking or a court has ruled the firm's term unfair, then the FCA considers it desirable that the firm should promptly notify clients with whom it has already concluded contracts of the effect the undertaking or ruling will have on their contracts.

2. (2)

   The firm should also, as part of its risk management, consider the effect on its own business, including whether there are relevant risks which need mitigation. For example, firms should consider the effect of regulation 8 of the Regulations which provides that an unfair term is not binding on the consumer, but that the contract will continue to bind the parties if it is capable of continuing in existence without the unfair term. The mitigation may involve the firm contacting existing customers to ask that they agree to an amended contract, although any such amendment will itself need to avoid unfairness within the meaning of the Regulations and to comply with the law of contract generally.

3. (3)

   As part of their risk management, firms that have not themselves given an undertaking or been subject to a court decision should remain alert to undertakings or court decisions about other firms, since these will be of potential value in indicating the likely attitude of the courts, the FCA, the OFT or other qualifying bodies to similar terms or to terms with similar effects.

1. (1)

   The FCA does not have the power under the Regulations to grant redress to consumers who have suffered loss because of an unfair term. Consumers may choose to complain to the firm and to seek redress from it. If the firm does not satisfy the consumer's complaint, the consumer may choose to refer the complaint to the Financial Ombudsman Service, if appropriate.

2. (2)

   If the use of an unfair term also amounts to a rule breach, and that breach causes loss to consumers, the FCA can apply to court for restitution or require restitution. The FCA will consider whether to use these powers in accordance with the policy in EG 11.