1An issuer should be aware that matters that fall within the scope of this chapter may also fall within the scope of:

1. (1)

   the market abuse regime set out in the Market Abuse Regulation2;

2. (2)

   Part 7 (Offences relating to Financial Services) of the Financial Services Act 2012 relating to misleading statements and practices;

3. (3)

   Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 relating to insider dealing; and

4. (4)

   the Takeover Code.

2An issuer that is involved in a matter which also falls within the scope of the Takeover Code should be mindful of its obligations under the Market Abuse Regulation.

The purpose of this chapter is to:

1. (1)

   promote prompt and fair disclosure of relevant information to the market; and2

2. (2)

   give guidance on aspects relating to disclosure of such information, including the circumstances allowing delayed disclosure.2

Information is inside information if each of the criteria in the definition of inside information is met.

1. (1)

   [Note: article 7(4) of the Market Abuse Regulation]1

2. (2)

   In determining whether information would be likely to have a significant effect on the price of financial instruments, an issuer should be mindful that there is no figure (percentage change or otherwise) that can be set for any issuer when determining what constitutes a significant effect on the price of the financial instruments as this will vary from issuer to issuer.

An issuer may wish to take account of the following factors when considering whether the information in question would be likely to be used by a reasonable investor as part of the basis of his investment decisions:1

1. (1)

   1the significance of the information in question will vary widely from issuer to issuer, depending on a variety of factors such as the issuer's size, recent developments and the market sentiment about the issuer and the sector in which it operates; and

2. (2)

   the likelihood1 that a reasonable investor will make investment decisions relating to the relevant financial instrument to maximise his economic self interest.

It is not possible to prescribe how the reasonable investor test will apply in all possible situations. Any assessment may need to1 take into consideration the anticipated impact of the information in light of the totality of the issuer's activities, the reliability of the source of the information and other market variables likely to affect the relevant financial instrument in the given circumstances. However, information which is likely to be considered relevant to a reasonable investor's decision includes information which affects:

1. (1)

   the assets and liabilities of the issuer;

2. (2)

   the performance, or the expectation of the performance, of the issuer's business;

3. (3)

   the financial condition of the issuer;

4. (4)

   the course of the issuer's business;

5. (5)

   major new developments in the business of the issuer; or

6. (6)

   information previously disclosed to the market.1

An issuer and its advisers are best placed to make an initial assessment of whether particular information amounts to inside information. The decision as to whether a piece of information is inside information may be finely balanced and the issuer (with the help of its advisers) will need to exercise its judgement.

The directors of the issuer should carefully and continuously monitor whether changes in the circumstances of the issuer are such that an announcement obligation has arisen under article 17 of the Market Abuse Regulation1.

1. (1)

   [deleted]1

2. (2)

   If an issuer is faced with an unexpected and significant event, a short delay may be acceptable if it is necessary to clarify the situation. In such situations a holding announcement should be used where an issuer believes that there is a danger of inside information leaking before the facts and their impact can be confirmed. The holding announcement should:

   1. (a)

      detail as much of the subject matter as possible;

   2. (b)

      set out the reasons why a fuller announcement cannot be made; and

   3. (c)

      include an undertaking to announce further details as soon as possible.

3. (3)

   If an issuer is unable, or unwilling to make a holding announcement it may be appropriate for the trading of its financial instruments to be suspended until the issuer is in a position to make an announcement.

4. (4)

   An issuer that is in any doubt as to the timing of announcements required under the Market Abuse Regulation1 should consult the FCA at the earliest opportunity.

The FCA is aware that many issuers provide unpublished information to third parties such as analysts, employees, credit rating agencies, finance providers and major shareholders, often in response to queries from such parties. The fact that information is unpublished does not in itself make it inside information. However, unpublished information which amounts to inside information is only permitted to be disclosed in accordance with the requirements of the Market Abuse Regulation1.

1. (1)

   Delaying disclosure of inside information will not always mislead the public, although a developing situation should be monitored so that if circumstances change an immediate disclosure can be made.

2. (2)

   Investors understand that some information must be kept confidential until developments are at a stage when an announcement can be made without prejudicing the legitimate interests of the issuer.

2For the purposes of article 17 of the Market Abuse Regulation, legitimate interests may, in particular, relate to the following non-exhaustive circumstances:

1. (1)

   negotiations in course, or related elements where the outcome or normal pattern of those negotiations would be likely to be affected by public disclosure. In particular, in the event that the financial viability of the issuer is in grave and imminent danger, although not within the scope of the applicable insolvency law, public disclosure of information may be delayed for a limited period where such a public disclosure would seriously jeopardise the interest of existing and potential shareholders by undermining the conclusion of specific negotiations designed to ensure the long term financial recovery of the issuer; or

2. (2)

   decisions taken or contracts made by the management body of an issuer which need the approval of another body of the issuer in order to become effective, where the organisation of such an issuer requires the separation between these bodies, provided that a public disclosure of the information before such approval together with the simultaneous announcement that this approval is still pending would jeopardise the correct assessment of the information by the public.

1. (1)

   DTR 2.5.3G(1) does not envisage that an issuer will: 2

   1. (a)

      delay public disclosure of the fact that it is in financial difficulty or of its worsening financial condition and is limited to the fact or substance of the negotiations to deal with such a situation; or2

   2. (b)

      delay disclosure of inside information on the basis that its position in subsequent negotiations to deal with the situation will be jeopardised by the disclosure of its financial condition.2

2. (2)

   The legitimate interest described in DTR 2.5.3G(2)2 refers to an issuer with a dual board structure (e.g. a management board and supervisory if and to the extent that decisions of the management board require ratification by the supervisory board). An issuer with a unitary board structure would be unable to take advantage of DTR 2.5.3G(2)2 and, therefore, DTR 2.5.3G(2)2 should only be available to a very limited number of issuers in the United Kingdom.

An issuer should not be obliged to disclose impending developments that could be jeopardised by premature disclosure. Whether or not an issuer has a legitimate interest which would be prejudiced by the disclosure of certain inside information is an assessment which must be made by the issuer in the first instance. However, the FCA considers that, other than in relation to impending developments or matters described in DTR 2.5.3G2 or article 17(5) of the Market Abuse Regulation2, there are unlikely to be other circumstances where delay would be justified.

1. (1)

   [deleted]2

2. (2)

   Selective2 disclosure cannot be made to any person simply because they owe the issuer a duty of confidentiality. For example, an issuer contemplating a major transaction which requires shareholder support or which could significantly impact its lending arrangements or credit-rating may selectively disclose details of the proposed transaction to major shareholders , its lenders and/or credit-rating agency as long as the recipients are bound by a duty of confidentiality. An issuer may, depending on the circumstances, be justified in disclosing inside information to certain categories of recipient in addition to those employees of the issuer who require the information to perform their functions. The categories of recipient may2 include, but are not limited to, the following:

   1. (a)

      the issuer's advisers and advisers of any other persons involved in the matter in question;

   2. (b)

      persons with whom the issuer is negotiating, or intends to negotiate, any commercial financial or investment transaction (including prospective underwriters or placees of the financial instruments of the issuer);

   3. (c)

      employee representatives or trade unions acting on their behalf;

   4. (d)

      any government department, the Bank of England, the Competition Commission or any other statutory or regulatory body or authority;

   5. (e)

      major shareholders of the issuer;

   6. (f)

      the issuer's lenders; and

   7. (g)

      credit-rating agencies.

Selective disclosure to any or all of the persons referred to in DTR 2.5.7 G may not be justified in every circumstance where an issuer delays disclosure in accordance with article 17(4) and (5) of the Market Abuse Regulation2.

An issuer should bear in mind that the wider the group of recipients of inside information the greater the likelihood of a leak which will trigger full public disclosure of the information2 under article 17(8) of the Market Abuse Regulation2.

1An issuer should establish effective arrangements to deny access to inside information to persons other than those who require it for the exercise of their functions within the issuer.

If an issuer is relying on article 17(4) or 17(5) of the Market Abuse Regulation1 to delay the disclosure of inside information it should prepare a holding announcement to be disclosed in the event of an actual or likely breach of confidence. Such a holding announcement should include the details set out in DTR 2.2.9 G (2).

We recognise that an issuer may not be responsible for breach of article 17(4) or 17(5) of the Market Abuse Regulation1 if a recipient of inside information under article 17 of the Market Abuse Regulation1 breaches his duty of confidentiality.

Where there is press speculation or market rumour regarding an issuer, the issuer should assess whether a disclosure obligation arises under article 17(1) of the Market Abuse Regulation1. To do this an issuer will need to carefully assess whether the speculation or rumour has given rise to a situation where the issuer has inside information.

The knowledge that press speculation or market rumour is false may not1 amount to inside information. If1 it does amount to inside information, the FCA expects that there may be cases where1 an issuer would be able to delay disclosure1 in accordance with article 17(4) or 17(5) of the Market Abuse Regulation1.